Lecture Notes: Feeding the World - Food Plants

11/19/20 Lecture 24 Feeding the World – Food Plants Life Archaea Bacteria Eukaryote Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia (Yeast) (Plant) (Mushroom) (Animal) Food Plants 1 11/19/20 Food Plants • Most are annual plants – plants that complete their life cycle (seed à flower à seed) in one...

11/19/20 Lecture 24 Feeding the World – Food Plants Life Archaea Bacteria Eukaryote Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia (Yeast) (Plant) (Mushroom) (Animal) Food Plants 1 11/19/20 Food Plants • Most are annual plants – plants that complete their life cycle (seed à flower à seed) in one year • Undergone artificial selection • What are contained? - Cereals (carbohydrates) Beans (protein) Nuts (fats) Leafy vegetables, fruits (minerals, vitamins) - How Plants Fill You Up, Power You Up, and Prevent Overeating Source: Dr. Joel Fuhrman, Eat for Health. Book One, 2008. pg. 68. 2 11/19/20 Monocot vs. Dicot - Two Major Groups of Flowering Plants • Mono-cotyledons: seedlings have one cotyledon (seed-leaf) - Example: corn, wheat, rice, lily • Di-cotyledons: seedlings have two cotyledons - Example: pea, tomato, maple, dandelion Plant Tissues • The tissues of a plant are organized into three tissue types: - Dermal tissue - Ground tissue - Vascular tissue http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/images/plants/3tisscut.gif 3 11/19/20 Plant Organ Systems Shoot System (above ground): - Leaf - Stem - Flower - Seed (within Fruit) Root System (below ground): - Root Leaf: chlorophyll containing outgrowth of a branch; the site of photosynthesis Monocot: paralleled vein Dicot: net-like vein 4 11/19/20 Simple Leaf vs. Compound Leaf Have you eaten them? 5 11/19/20 Stem: stalk of the plant with leaves attached at its nodes; support the plant Monocot: vessels are scattered around Dicot: vessels are arranged in ring Vessels delivering water, nutrient and photosynthate Case Study: Celery Stem Xylem (red dye dissolved in water) Phloem Vascular bundle 6 11/19/20 Stems Can Store Carbohydrates Asparagus Sugarcane Root: part of the plant that absorbs water and minerals from soil and anchors the plant (a) Typical monocot root system (b) Typical dicot root system Taproot Fibrous roots 7 11/19/20 Have you eaten them? Roots Can Store Carbohydrates Cassava Figure 22.6 8 11/19/20 Flower: seed-bearing part of a plant; consist of reproductive organs Contain pollen - Stamen (male part) - Carpel (female part) Monocot: floral parts in multiples of 3 Dicot: floral parts in multiples of 4 or 5 Do you like them? 9 11/19/20 Maize: male flowers and female flowers locate at different sites on the same plant Holly: male flowers and female flowers locate on different plants Seed: unit of reproduction for flowering plants; capable of developing into another such plant Corn Bean Monocot: one seed leaf Dicot: a pair of seed leaf 10 11/19/20 Fruit: the sweet and fleshy product of a plant that contains seed; often edible; disperse seeds away from the parent plant Summary of Differences between Monocots and Dicots 11 11/19/20 Lecture Activity: Humans consume a wide variety of plant parts Seed Flower Fruit Root Leaf Seed Two Types of Plant Growth • Primary growth: growth in length - The growing points located at the tips of stems and roots called apical meristem • Secondary growth: growth in circumference - The growing points located at a ring of cells contained in the vessels called vascular cambium - In woody plants only 12 11/19/20 Tree Ring Record Annual Growth - One layer per year - Under the barker - Each consists of 2 colors of wood: Lighter “earlywood” grows in spring; Dark, denser “later-wood”: grow in fall and winter - Vary in size depending upon the environmental condition: Wider in years with abundant rainfall; Narrower in years with drought http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/investigations/es2905/es2905page01.cfm 13 11/19/20 Maximizing Plant Growth • • Maximize light, water, carbon dioxide, and nutrients Minimizing pest and weed damage Plant growth requirements: • Solar energy (sunlight) • Carbon dioxide (CO2) • Freedom from damage (e.g. pests) • Water • Inorganic nutrients 14