Biology Lecture Notes PDF

K to 12 BASIC EDUCATION CURRICULUM SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL Grade: 12 Semester: 1...

K to 12 BASIC EDUCATION CURRICULUM SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL Grade: 12 Semester: 1 Specialized Subject Title: Biology No. of Hours: 80 hours BIOLOGY In 1839, Theodor Schwann concluded that all animals are made up of cells.  Study of living things In 1855, Rudolf Virchow proposed that Levels of Organization all cells come from existing cells. He published Atoms Molecules Cells Tissues Organelles Organ that all cells come from cells “omnis cellula e Organ System Organism Population Community cellula” Francisco Redi in his experiment coined Ecosystem Biosphere the maxim “omne vivum ex ovo” or every living Characteristics of Living Things things comes from a living thing. 1. Growth Development 4. Metabolism 2. Reproduction 5. Adaptability In 1931, Janet Plowe demonstrated that 3. Movement 6. Homeostasis the cell membrane is a physical structure, not an interface between two liquids Development of Cell Theory In 1970, Lynn Margulis proposed the  In 1665, Robert Hooke publishes his book Micrographia, theory that certain organelles, tiny structures which contains his drawings of section of cork as seen through within some cells, were once free-living cells one of the first microscopes. themselves. She is an American evolutionary  In 1674, Anton Van Leeuwenhoek observed tiny living theorist and biologist was the primary modern organisms in drops of pond water through his simple proponent for the significance of symbiosis in microscopes. evolution or endosymbiosis theory  Anton Van Leeuwenhoek a Dutch Businessman became CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION one of the first people to use microscope to study nature. Using only a single powerful lens, he crafted instruments that could produce magnified images of very small objects. He was the first person to see tiny living organism in a drop of water.  Leeuwenhoek found motile objects on October 9, 1676 and he states that motility is the quality of life, therefore, these were living organisms.   1683 Leeuwenhoek discovers bacteria. He had made his observation of single- celled organism that he name animalcules like protozoa and bacteria.  In 1838, Matthias Schleiden concluded that all plants are made up of cells. Mathias Schleiden is a German Botanist who study plant structure under the microscope. He stated that all parts of the plant organism are composed of cells. He also recognized the importance of cell nucleus and sensed its  connection to cell division. He concluded that all plant parts are made of cells. 1. CELL MEMBRANE  Double layered called lipid bilayer 1  K to 12 BASIC EDUCATION CURRICULUM SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL Grade: 12 Semester: 1 Specialized Subject Title: Biology No. of Hours: 80 hours  Most cell membranes contain protein  Digestion of macromolecules; recycling molecules and carbohydrate molecules or worn out organelles  Separates cell from external 6. VACUOLES environment; controls passage of organic  Sac like structure that often store molecules, ions, water, oxygen and wastes into and out of the cell. materials such as water, salts, proteins and carbohydrates 2. CELL WALL  For storage and transport; digestive  Cell walls are multilayered function in plant cells  Cell wall has cell junction called plasmo- desma 7. GOLGI BODIES  For protection, structural support and  Consists of flattened sacs that are not maintenance of cell shape interconnected 3. CYTOPLASM  It finishes, sorts and ships cell products  is the material within a living cell,  Modifies, sorts, tags, packages and excluding the cell nucleus distributes lipids and proteins  Provides structure to cell; site of many metabolic reactions; medium in which 8. CHLOROPLAST organelles are found  Use energy from sunlight to make 4. MITOCHONDRIA energy rich food molecules in a process known as photosynthesis  Convert energy from one chemical form to another 9. ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM  It is enclosed by two membranes  Network of interconnected flattened sacs  It is composed of two compartments, the inter membrane space and the inner  Makes more membrane membrane  Involved in the synthesis of proteins  ATP production or cellular respiration 10. SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM 5. LYSOSOMES  Network of interconnected tubules that  Produced by rough ER and golgi lack ribosomes apparatus  Synthesize lipids, including fatty  Derived from two Greek words meaning acids,phospholipids and steroids “breakdown body”  Digest cell’s food and wastes 2  K to 12 BASIC EDUCATION CURRICULUM SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL Grade: 12 Semester: 1 Specialized Subject Title: Biology No. of Hours: 80 hours 11. RIBOSOMES  Unspecified role in cell division in animal cells; organizing center of microtubules in  Ribosomes produced proteins following animal cells coded instructions that comes from the 18. FLAGELLA nucleus  Cellular locomotion 12. NUCLEUS 19. CILIA  Cell’s genetic control center  Cellular locomotion, movement of  Cell’s hereditary blueprint particles along extracellular surface of plasma membrane, and filtration  Cell organelle that houses DNA and directs synthesis of ribosomes and proteins 13. NUCLEOLUS PROKARYOTE VS. EUKARYOTE  Consist parts of chromatin DNA combined with RNA and proteins  It is where the components of ribosomes are made 14. CHROMATIN BACTERIAL CELL  Granular material consist of DNA bound to protein 15. CYTOSKELETON  A network of protein filament that helps the cell maintain its shape  It is also involved in many forms of cell movement  Maintains cells’ shape, secure organelles on specific positions, allows cytoplasm and vesicles to move within the cell, and enables unicellular organisms to move independently 16. PEROXISOMES  Oxidizes and breaks down fatty acids and amino acids and detoxifies poisons 17. CENTROSOMES 3  K to 12 BASIC EDUCATION CURRICULUM SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL Grade: 12 Semester: 1 Specialized Subject Title: Biology No. of Hours: 80 hours were single-celled organisms. They arose about 1 billion years later than the earliest prokaryotes. TABLE OF COMPARISON BETWEEN A PROKARYOTE AND EUKARYOTE BASIS OF PROKARYOTE EUKARYOTE COMPARISON Size Smaller Larger Structure Less complex More complex Presence of No nucleus Has nucleus nucleus Presence of Lacks Contains organelles membrane membrane bound bound organelles organelles Number of Unicellular Unicellular cells in an organism and organism multicellular organism Classification Eubacteria and Protista, PROKARYOTIC CELL Archaebacteria Fungi, Animalia,  A prokaryote is an organism made of a Plantae single prokaryotic cell. The earliest prokaryotes may have arisen more than 2.5 billion years ago Similarities of Prokaryote and Eukaryote MAIN FEATURES OF PROKARYOTIC CELL  Presence of DNA They are very small cells with a simple  Presence of Ribosomes structure  Presence of Cytoplasm Their DNA is not enclosed in a membrane inside the cell TABLE OF COMPARISON BETWEEN AN ANIMAL Some prokaryotes are enclosed by an CELL AND A PLANT CELL additional layer called the capsule It lacks nucleus BASIS OF ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL No membrane bound organelles COMPARISO It contains one or more flagella for N movement Size Comparativel Usually larger y smaller EUKARYOTIC CELL Shape Round Rectangular (Irregular) (Fixed) Eukaryotes are organisms made of one Cell Wall Enclosed by Enclosed by a or more eukaryotic cells. The earliest th rigid cell wall eukaryotes, like the first prokaryotes, 4  K to 12 BASIC EDUCATION CURRICULUM SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL Grade: 12 Semester: 1 Specialized Subject Title: Biology No. of Hours: 80 hours in, flexible  For exchange of material through plasma diffusion membrane  Lines the air sacs of the lungs  Lines the glomerulus of kidney Chloroplast Absent Present  Capillaries, blood vessels Vacuoles Often possess Contains many small large central b. Simple Cuboidal Epithelium vacuoles vacuole  Shape like dice Lysosomes Lysosomes Lysosomes  Single layers of cells with relatively large are always are rare amount of cytoplasm present  For secretion Plasmodesma Tight Tight  Lines the thyroid follicles ta junctions and junctions and  Lines the ovaries desmosomes desmosomes are present. are absent.  Lines the testis Plasmodesma Plasmodesma  Proximal tubule of the kidney ta absent ta present Reserved Reserved Reserved c. Simple Cuboidal Ciliated food food is in the food is in the  Lines the terminal bronchioles and form of form of respiratory bronchioles glycogen starch d. Simple Columnar Epithelium ANIMAL TISSUES  Brick-shaped cells  For secretion and active absorption 1. Epithelial tissues line body surfaces and cavities, as  Lines the stomach, small intestine, large well as form glands. The cells of the tissue are closely intestine and rectum connected to each other via cellular junctions and  Lines the gall bladder because epithelium is found on the edges of organs, it has two distinct surfaces. The apical surface is exposed  Lines the cervix to the body cavity or exterior, while the basal surface is  Lines the ejaculatory duct adjacent to the underlying tissue. e. Simple Columnar Ciliated  Lines the fallopian tube  Lines the endometrium of the uterus f. Stratified Squamous, non keratinized  Multilayered and regenerate quickly  For protection  Lines the esophagus, oropharynx, larynx  Lines the cervix and vagina  Lines the urinary meatus a. Simple squamous epithelium  Plate like cells g. Stratified Squamous, keratinized  Single layers of cells  Superficial layer of the skin  Dorsum of the tongue, hard palate 5  K to 12 BASIC EDUCATION CURRICULUM SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL Grade: 12 Semester: 1 Specialized Subject Title: Biology No. of Hours: 80 hours  Lines the labia majora  Mucous membranes of reproductive and urinary system h. Pseudo- stratified columnar b. Fibrous Connective Tissue  Single layer of cells, may look stacked  Made up of collagenous fibers found in because of varying height tendons and ligaments  Usually with cilia  Consists of collagen known to provide  Lines the respiratory tract strength and stability  Ligaments and tendons 2. Connective tissues vary widely in their form and function, but they are all characterized by the presence c. Cartilage of extracellular matrix. The extracellular matrix is nonliving material composed of protein fibers and  Firm matrix with abundant collagen fibers ground substance. The protein fibers are composed of  Provide structural support and collagen or elastin. The number and types of fibers cushioning properties differs from the various types of connective tissue.  Found in rib cage, nose, trachea and end The ground substance fills the spaces of long bones between the cells and the fibers. It contains d. Bone interstitial fluid (tissue  Bone tissue forms the skeletal system  Provide structural support, protection fluid) and large polysaccharide molecules. and mineral storage The consistency of the ground substance can  Found in arms, shoulder,hips,legs vary from liquid to gel-­­like to a solid. e. Blood  Made up of plasma, contains water, salts and dissolved proteins  WBC, RBC and platelets 3. Muscle tissues are composed of long cells called muscle fibers that allow the body to move voluntary or involuntary. Muscle tissue is specialized for contraction. The cells are elongated, and are also known as muscle fibers. They contain the contractile proteins actin and myosin, which interact to shorten and elongate the cells. a. Loose Connective Tissue  Holds organs in place  Attach epithelial tissue to underlying tissue  Found in tissue section from almost every part of the body  Surrounds blood vessels, nerves, muscles, tendons  Beneath the dermis a. Skeletal muscle 6  K to 12 BASIC EDUCATION CURRICULUM SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL Grade: 12 Semester: 1 Specialized Subject Title: Biology No. of Hours: 80 hours  Long and cylindrical  The cells of these tissue are thin walled and round and  The cells have striations oval in shape  Attached to bones  The cytoplasm has large nucleus and no vacuoles  For voluntary movements  The cells have the ability to divide b. Cardiac Muscle  Striated with intercalated disk Three Kinds of Meristematic Tissue  The cells are shorter than skeletal  Involuntary motion 1. Apical Meristem  Heart muscles c. Smooth muscle  Found in the root and shoot tips that  Not striated, with single nucleus increases the length of roots and stems  Involuntary motion due to cell division  Walls of hollow organs such as gastrointestinal tract, blood vessels, 2. Lateral meristems urinary bladder 4. Nervous Tissues are composed of nerve cells called  These tissues are present laterally in the neurons and glial cells that function as support cells. non- flowering plants of like ferns and Neurons communicate with each other via electrical and chemical signals. They have nucleated dicotyledonous plants. Due to their cell bodies and two types of division the root and stem grow in elongated cellular processes: dendrites thickness – which receive signals, and axons – which send signals. 3. Intercalary meristem  These tissues are found in between permanent tissue.  They are found in monocotyledonous stem and leaf sheath  Also help in the growth in length of plant B. Permanent Tissue  Tissues formed from meristematic tissue slowly mature and get differentiated Three Types of Permanent Tissue 1. Simple tissue 2. Complex tissue PLANT TISSUES 3. Special tissue  Plant tissues are classified into two main groups: A. Meristematic tissue B. Permanent tissue 1. Simple tissue  Also called as primary tissue A. Meristematic tissue  Found in the soft part of a leaf flower,  Tissue found in the growing region of a plant fruits an inner part of the stem. 7  K to 12 BASIC EDUCATION CURRICULUM SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL Grade: 12 Semester: 1 Specialized Subject Title: Biology No. of Hours: 80 hours  3 types: parenchyma, collenchyma,  They produce whit milk like secretion sclerenchyma called latex. 1.a Parenchyma CELL MODIFICATIONS 1. Apical Modifications (TOP)  All the cells o this tissue are thin walled a. Microvilli  May be spherical oval, cubical or  Finger like cytoplasmic extension of the cylindrical in shape apical surface which increase surface area for absorption  The cells are living and have large b. Cilia vacuoles in their cytoplasm  Short hair like structures or projections  It has numerous chloroplast called  Motile, function for movement chlorenchyma found in palisade and spongy  Beats in coordinated, rhythmic al parenchyma of leaves. manner  Aerenchyma large spaces which stores c. Stereocilia air  Long microvilli that function in increasing absorption 1.b Collenchyma  Non- motile  Tissue usually found in the stem just  Found in sensory cells in ear and male below the epidermis. reproductive tract  Cells of these tissues looks elongated or d. Flagella cubical  For movement  It gives strength and flexibility to the soft  Present in the tail of spermatozoa parts of the plants 2. Basal Modifications (BOTTOM) 1.c Sclerenchyma a. Basal Infoldings  Tissue that provides mechanical support  Found in epithelium that are known to to plants transport fluid (kidneys) b. Hemidesmosome 2. Complex tissue  Protein filament interlock with filament  Tissue made of different kinds of cells of the adjacent cell which forms a dense  Their structure is different but intermediate line between the cells individually they collect together to perfrom 3. Lateral Modifications (SIDES) similar function a. Tight Junction (Zonula Occludens)  They are called conducting tissues  A band near the apical surface form a Two types: seal appearing to be fused 2. a. Xylem  Occlude/ separates the compartments 2.b. Phloem b. Adhering Junction (Zonula Adherens)  Made of actin filaments 3. Special Tissues  Maintain integrity of the cell to better  Cells of certain tissues get modified to bind secret some substances c. Gap Junction 3.a Glandular tissue  Important in cell communication  Tissue that have different types of glands d. Desmosome (Macula Adherens) that have secretory or excretory products in them Help to resist shearing force and are found in 3. b Lacticiferous tissue simple and stratified squamous epithelium  Tissues with long, thin walled and branched cells  8  K to 12 BASIC EDUCATION CURRICULUM SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL Grade: 12 Semester: 1 Specialized Subject Title: Biology No. of Hours: 80 hours 9