Lecture 6.pdf

Medical Chemistry Almaaqal University Collage of Dentistry Pollution Dr/ Wael Sobhy Darwish Lec-6 1ST stage&2024  Pollutio...

Medical Chemistry Almaaqal University Collage of Dentistry Pollution Dr/ Wael Sobhy Darwish Lec-6 1ST stage&2024  Pollution Pollution is the introduction of harmful materials into the environment. These harmful materials are called pollutants. Pollutants damage the quality of air, water, and land. Sources of pollution Natural pollution : which occurs due to natural phenomena that occur from time to time, such as volcanoes, thunderbolts, and storms that may carry huge amounts of sand and dust, and damage crops. Industrial pollution: -Industrial pollution results from human action and activity, and in his increasing uses of modern technology manifestations and its various innovations.  The severity of industrial pollution depends on several factors, including: 1. The area from which industrial pollutants are emitted 2. Time period for pollution. 3. The degree of concentration of pollutants. 4. Physical, chemical and biological properties of pollutants. 5. The ability to decompose and assimilate in the environment in which it is placed. 6. Toxicity relative to humans and other organisms.  Chemical Pollution Chemical pollution is defined as the presence or increase of chemical pollutants in our environment that are not naturally present there or are found in amounts higher than their natural background values. Most of the chemicals that pollute the environment are man-made, resulted from the various activities in which toxic chemicals are used for various purposes. The chemicals in their gaseous, liquid, and solid states that are characterized by their efficacy, toxicity, or explosive potential, or to corrosive events, or that have other characteristics that could result in a risk to the environment and public health.  The Effects of Chemical Pollution  The effects are usually related to the exposure to high amounts and accumulate of chemicals in body.  Chemical pollution leads to various serious diseases, generally by consuming poisonous food, drinking highly contaminated water, or breathing contaminated air.  These chemicals can react with tissues in the body and change the structure and function of the organ, cause abnormal growth and development of the individual, or bind with the genetic material of cells and cause cancer.  Main types of chemical pollution: 1. Inorganic pollutants: Inorganic pollutants are released into the environment due to activities of mining, industry, transportation and urban activities. Environmental risks associated with inorganic pollutants vary widely due to several complex interactions at both intracellular and extracellular levels.  2. Organic pollutants More of organic compounds used in industry and medical field there are we exposure in daily life, They’re used for drugs and cleaning applications and as solvents in a wide range of products such as fuels, paints, inks, preservatives and pesticides, therefore causes more pollutions, So can have serious impacts of human health. Many organic pollutant can be absorbed through intact skin and absorbed into the bloodstream; and may be have more major route of entry into the body.  Nuclear (Radiation) pollutants:  Radiation pollution means the leakage of radioactive materials into one of the components of the environment, such as water, air, and soil.  It is considered one of the most dangerous types of environmental pollution in our time, as it is not seen, smelled, does not feel.  When radioactive materials reach the cells of the body, they cause visible and hidden damage that often leads to human life  Radioactivity is toxic because it forms ions when it reacts with biological molecules. These ions can form free radicals, which damage proteins, membranes, and nucleic acids.  Radioactivity can damage DNA by destroying individual bases (particularly thymine). Biological pollutants: Biological pollutant or biological pollution is considered one of the oldest forms of pollution known to man, and this pollution arises as a result of the presence of visible or invisible living organisms such as bacteria, fungi, virus and others in the environmental medium such as water, air or soil, so the mixing of disease-causing organisms with food that the person eats it, the water he drinks, or the air that he inhales causes biological pollution, which leads to disease.  Industrial pollutants are divided into three types: 1. Solid pollutants, which are those pollutants resulting from many industries, such as dust resulting from the cement industry, for example. 2. Liquid pollutants such as the solutions of the chemical materials that the factories throw into the waterways. 3. Gas pollutants such as gases and harmful smoke.  Environmental Pollution  Environmental Pollution can be defined as any undesirable change in physical, chemical, or biological characteristics of any component of the environment i.e. air, water, soil which can cause harmful effects on various forms of life or property. Types of environmental pollutions WATER POLLUTION AIR POLLUTION LAND POLLUTION NOISE POLLUTION Water Pollution  Water Pollution can be defined as alteration in physical, chemical, or biological characteristics of water through natural or human activities and making it unsuitable for its designated use.  Most of Water Pollution is man made It may also occur naturally by addition of soil particles through erosion animal wastes and leaching of minerals from rocks.  Air pollution  Air pollution is the introduction of pollutant materials into the air that is harmful to human health and the environment.”  Causes of air pollution Burning of Fossil Fuels Automobiles Agricultural Activities Factories and Industries Mining Activities Domestic Sources  Smoking Smoking is one of the major form of pollution in the building, its not only affect the smoker but every one who inhales the polluted air. There is a strong connection between smoking and all types of cancers. Cigarette smoke contains over 5000 chemicals and many of these are harmful. These chemicals damage our DNA, including parts of our DNA that protect us against cancer.  Land Pollution Land Pollution is the degradation of the earth’s land surfaces, both above and below ground level. The accumulation of solid and liquid waste products, which contaminate groundwater and soil, is the cause. The greater the permeability of the soil, the greater the risk of land contamination. Land Pollution Effects Land pollution can harm the human body in a variety of ways. Toxic waste and contaminants can be ingested by people. Disposal of hazardous radioactive wastes also contributes to land contamination. Chronic respiratory disease, lung cancer, heart disease, and even brain damage are all long-term health consequences.