Lecture 5 2023 Psych Literacy PDF

22/08/2023 Macquarie copyright statement PSYU-X3399 Psychological Science: Putting Theory Into Practice This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macqu...

22/08/2023 Macquarie copyright statement PSYU-X3399 Psychological Science: Putting Theory Into Practice This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. LECTURE 6: PSYCHOLOGICAL LITERACY Wayne Warburton X5B 237 1 2 Have your say Check your inbox for the SES – open 25 July to 27 August. Help shape the future of higher education in Australia. Have a say about your course and a chance to win $1,000 – complete now for more chances to win! qilt.edu.au/ses Terms and conditions apply 3 4 PSYU-X399: A capstone unit should Acknowledgement I would like to acknowledge the work of Associate Professor Judi Homewood who introduced me to the term psychological literacy and taught this part of the unit until This material 2016.is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence5 to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 5 1. Make students aware of graduate capabilities they have developed 2. Help students consolidate and synthesise discipline specific knowledge and skills learned in different units in psychology 3. Facilitate student reflection on how undergraduate learning might be used to explain everyday behaviour 4. Use 1 - 3 above to facilitate employability 6 6 1 22/08/2023 Employability Employability • About 25% of psychology graduates go on to • • Your psychology degree and getting a job. Your placement experience should be helpful in terms of: further education or professional training in psychology Many work in psychology related fields: mental health workers, counsellors, caseworkers, welfare workers, social services Others work in the knowledge economy • Networks • Employability QlLT 2018: Macquarie psych graduates were the most employable in Sydney Yorke (2006) argues that the role of higher education institutions is to produce “graduates prepared, in both senses of the word, to learn what the employer wants, and to perform accordingly” 7 8 http://www.graduatecareers.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Graduate-OutlookReport-2015-FINAL1.pdf Graduate careers.com • Ran an annual graduate outlook survey until 2015. • The most recent (2015) makes interesting reading. • For example, they note what employers look for in graduates, both in terms of desirable and undesirable characteristics. 10 9 10 Important graduate attributes http://www.graduatecareers.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Graduate-OutlookReport-2015-FINAL1.pdf This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence11to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. Important graduate attributes include: Communication skill People skills and emotional intelligence Teamwork; fits in, aligns well with org. culture Problem solving Ability to negotiate Being well organised Motivation and perseverance Works well under pressure Confidence Leadership Understands core business of employer • • • • • • • • • • • 11 12 12 2 22/08/2023 Scientific literacy Scientific literacy Central: The capacity to apply your skills and knowledge to everyday life and the workplace According to the United States National Center for Education Statistics, "scientific literacy is the knowledge and understanding of scientific concepts and processes required for: The OECD PISA Framework (2015) defines scientific literacy as: • Personal decision making • Participation in civic and cultural affairs • Economic productivity.” "the ability to engage with science-related issues, and with the ideas of science, as a reflective citizen.” 13 13 14 14 Scientific literacy Scientific literacy • Read with understanding, and interpret, articles • • • about science, and engage in social conversation about the validity of the conclusions of what was read. Ability to describe, explain and predict natural phenomena Ask, find, or determine answers to questions derived from curiosity about everyday experiences. Identify scientific issues underlying world/national issues/decisions and express scientifically informed positions. 15 15 • Evaluate the quality of scientific information on the basis of its source and the methods used to generate it. • Pose and evaluate arguments based on evidence and to apply conclusions from such arguments appropriately. • Understand the science relevant to environmental and social issues. • Communicate clearly about science. • Make informed decisions about social and environmental issues. 16 16 Psychological literacy Psychological literacy • Halpern (2011, p 10) Concept coined by Borneau (1990) who asked 250 authors of current textbooks to respond to a questionnaire where they rated, on a five point Likert scale, how This material is provided to psychology you as a majors important it was that Macquarie University your should be ablestudent to “makefor knowledgeable this term” (e.g., only. individualstatements research about and study purposes hypothesis testing, long-term memory, ego, You cannot share this material publicly dependent variable, placebo effect) online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence17to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. • • 17 “Psychologically literate citizens have a basic knowledge of psychology and can and will apply their knowledge to a broad range of situations” Cranney (2011, p 8) “psychological knowledge that is used adaptively” Roberts et al (2015) “The ability to apply psychological knowledge to personal, family, occupational, community and societal challenges” 18 18 3 22/08/2023 MCGOVERN ET AL (2010) IN HALPERN ET AL (ED), UNDERGRADUATE EDUCATION IN PSYCHOLOGY: A BLUEPRINT FOR THE FUTURE OF THE DISCIPLINE (PP9-27) WASHINGTON D.C., APA MCGOVERN ET AL (2010) IN HALPERN ET AL (ED), UNDERGRADUATE EDUCATION IN PSYCHOLOGY: A BLUEPRINT FOR THE FUTURE OF THE DISCIPLINE (PP9-27) WASHINGTON D.C., APA • Understanding the basic concepts and • Acting ethically • Thinking critically • Communicating well in different contexts • Having cultural competence and • • • principles of psychology Understanding scientific research practices Having problem solving skills Applying psychological principles to personal, social or organisational problems respecting diversity • Having self-awareness: being insightful and reflective about your own behaviour and that of others 19 19 20 20 Psychological literacy Psychological literacy Thinking like a psychologist across multiple spheres of life Thinking like a psychologist Reflecting on these thoughts Using these thoughts and reflections to the betterment of society This includes ‘calling things out’ sometimes 21 21 22 22 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DaWcL3oOd-E CAN SOMEONE READ YOUR MIND? This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence23to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. WHY DO SOME PEOPLE BELIEVE OTHERS CAN READ THEIR MINDS ? 23 24 24 4 22/08/2023 cogni&ve shortcut —> intui&ve reasoning makes it easier/shorter HEURISTICS Thinking styles vary: analytic vs intuitive Analytic approach: From the Cognitive Reflections Test (Frederick, 2005): • If it takes 5 machines 5 minutes to make 5 widgets, how long • Each machine takes 5 minutes to make 1 widget Intuitive answer: 100 minutes Correct answer: 100 machines would take 5 minutes to make 100 widgets would it take 100 machines to make 100 widgets? _____ minutes • In a lake, there is a patch of lily pads. Every day, the patch doubles in size. If it takes 48 days for the patch to cover the entire lake, how long would it take for the patch to cover half of the lake? _____ days • If the lake doubles in size each day, then it would have been half the size the day before Intuitive answer: 24 days Correct answer 47 days Are these correct ? If not what is the correct answer? 25 25 26 26 The Dress Brainard and Hurlbert (2015) Current Biology http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096098221500 5941 image downloaded 19/8/16 http://www.wired.com/2015/02/science-one-agrees- color-dress/ Colour constancy COLOUR VISION: UNDERSTANDING #THEDRESS 27 27 28 28 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982215005941 The dress Witzel et al 2017 “the striking individual differences in dress colour perception are due to individual This material is provided you as a of differences in theto interpretation Macquarieillumination Universitycues student for your to achieve colour individual constancy.” research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence29to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 29 30 30 5 22/08/2023 child thinks theres no wiggles as they iden2fy characters with what shirt they wear (cue for recogni2on was not there) Disappointed child: They’re not the Wiggles! What is going on? http://www.humansciences.mq.edu.au/news_and_events/news/old_news_item/childr ens_entertainers_the_wiggles_honoured_by_macquarie_university Downloaded from wikipedia 6th October 2013 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wiggles http://teamdoctorsblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/661_Field.jpeg 22 August 2014 31 31 32 32 Examples of applying critical thinking, research design and problem solving skills to real life Psychological literacy • A more civil and informed society • 33 33 A friend has enrolled her child in an after school program designed to increase his reading ability. He suggests you enrol your child, because of the amazing benefits of this new way of teaching how to read. 34 34 Applying psychological knowledge to real world problems What would a psychologically literate person do: Examples of applying critical thinking, research design and problem solving skills to real life • Your local council is going to put a community home for adults with developmental delays in your street/ a needle exchange venue at the local shopping centre. Neighbours are concerned that crime rates will rise and property values will fall. HOW TO TELL TWINS APART A friend tells you she is going to start listening to jazz because a recent survey showed that people who listen to jazz reported having sex more often than those who listen to classical, rock, hip hop, country, muzak, indie or pop music. This material is provided to you as a • How can these findings be reconciled: for years Macquarieresearch University studentpsychological for your causes of data suggested ulcersand (e.g.,study Brady’spurposes research on the individual gastric research only. Executive Monkey). Marshall and Warren (from You cannotUWA) share material publicly werethis awarded the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 2005 for the discovery that the bacterium online without permission. Macquarie Helicobacter pylori was responsible. University is the copyright owner of (or has licence35to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. “Some parents utilize color coding. They consistently dress each twin in a designated color. For boy/girl twins, the color combination of choice may be blue/pink; for two girls, perhaps purple and pink, and for two boys, blue and green. You can have fun with it. One parent of boy twins named Nick and Patrick used red and green. Nick= red (St. Nick) and Patrick=green (St. Patrick) This system is invaluable for helping others tell twins apart, especially in day care or school situations. It is also helpful to use a color coding system when you take photographs of your twins. Looking back, you’ll always know who is who! If color coded clothing is too complicated, try some other quick color clue. Some parents paint a toenail with nail polish as an identifier, while others use hospital bracelets or jewelry. ” http://multiples.about.com/od/familyissues/a/Telling-Twins-Apart.htm 35 ^ NOT GOOD. a*er spending 3me with children, should be able to know who is who rather than relying on these external cues 36 36 6 22/08/2023 Psychological literacy http://www.drmartinlutherkingjr.com/thepurposeofeducation.htm “Education must enable one to sift and weigh evidence, to discern the true from the false, the real from the unreal, and the facts from the fiction. The function of education, therefore, is to teach one to think intensively and to think critically. But education which stops with efficiency may prove the greatest menace to society. The most dangerous criminal may be the man gifted with reason, but with no morals. Calling things out The late Eugene Talmadge, in my opinion, possessed one of the better minds of Georgia, or even America…. By all measuring rods, Mr. Talmadge could think critically and intensively; yet he contends that I am an inferior being. Are those the types of men we call educated? We must remember that intelligence is not enough. Intelligence plus character - that is the goal of true education. The complete education gives one not only power of concentration, but worthy objectives upon which to concentrate.” 37 37 38 38 WHAT WOULD YOU AS A PSYCHOLOGICALLY LITERATE PERSON DO IN THIS SITUATION ? ADAM GOODES Possible answers: • Australians of the year have no right to promote their pet causes • It’s the way he plays • It has nothing to do with race or his stand on racism, people just don’t like him • He didn’t just cop it on the chin like he shoulda done. Its just a bit of crowd abuse. He needs to ‘man up’. Imaginary exam question “Explain why Adam Goodes (an Indigenous football player and former Australian of the year) began to be booed in the 2015 football season” Answers informed by psychological literacy might stress: • What would it mean for a First Nations person to be called an ‘ape’ in the context of belonging to an advanced and resilient nation with 65,000+ years of history, who were treated as ‘sub-human’ for over two centuries; • Overt pride in an indigenous heritage and celebration with an Indigenous dance; what would trigger that pride or need to reconnect with roots • Implicit and explicit prejudice and stereotyping • Fear of difference • The role of ingroup-outgroup processes • Crowd behaviour, conformity and contagion 39 39 40 40 are other behavioural condi0ons real? prevalence rates, etc. WHAT WOULD YOU AS A PSYCHOLOGICALLY LITERATE PERSON DO IN THIS SITUATION ? Industry calls for the removal of ‘Gaming Disorder’ from the WHO ICD-11 citing: No such thing Can’t be compared to drug addiction Will only pathologise gamers who don’t have This material is provided to you as a issues Too few people to warrant diagnosis Macquarie University student fora your Can’t be a primary disorder in its own right individual research purposes only. because it and often study co-occurs with other issues as depression, anxiety, ASD etc. You cannotsuch share this material publicly How would a psychologically literate person online without permission. approach this issue?Macquarie WHAT WOULD YOU AS A PSYCHOLOGICALLY LITERATE PERSON DO IN THIS SITUATION ? A close family member says that climate change is a conspiracy. How would you discuss this with them? What can psychology tell us about climate change denial? • • • • • • • Your friends are discussing the war in Ukraine. What does psychology tell us about the causes of war? What does psychology tell us about how to resolve conflict? How might a psychologically literate person think about this conflict? • • • • University is the copyright owner of (or has licence41to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 41 42 42 7 22/08/2023 WHAT WOULD YOU AS A PSYCHOLOGICALLY LITERATE PERSON DO IN THIS SITUATION ? WHY IS PSYCHOLOGICAL LITERACY A DESIRED ATTRIBUTE • The world has many problems (e.g., problems with the What do YOU think are important societal issues? distribution of available food leading to hunger, pollution of water, war, crime, extinction of non-human species because of habitat loss, climate change, inequity, war, societal and individual consequences of consumption of legal drugs such as alcohol and tobacco, societal and individual consequences of consumption of illegal drugs) as a consequence of human behaviour • What can psychology tell us about that issue? • The psychologically literate citizen can apply psychological principles to change maladaptive human behaviour at a personal, social or organisational level 43 43 44 44 WHY IS PSYCHOLOGICAL LITERACY A DESIRED ATTRIBUTE • Having problem solving skills and being able to communicate well in different contexts are two of top three attributes employers seek • In my opinion, bringing an ethical, psychologically literate approach to all you do can only make the world a better place. 45 45 This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 8