Lecture 4 - Historical Geology and Paleontology PDF

Historical Geology and Paleontology Lecture 4 H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Definition of Terms • Historical Geology – Is one of the major branch of geology that aims to understand the origin of Earth and its development through time. Thus, it strives to establ...

Historical Geology and Paleontology Lecture 4 H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Definition of Terms • Historical Geology – Is one of the major branch of geology that aims to understand the origin of Earth and its development through time. Thus, it strives to establish a chronological arrangement of the multitude of physical and biological changes that have occurred in the geologic past. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Definition of Terms • Relative Dating vs. Absolute Dating – Relative Dating - events are placed in their proper sequence or order without knowing their age in years. • Geologic Time Scale was based in this method (without the dates) – Absolute Dating - is the process of determining an age on a specified chronology in archaeology and geology. Some scientists prefer the terms chronometric or calendar dating, as use of the word "absolute" implies an unwarranted certainty of accuracy • Radioactivity/ Radioactive Decay H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Definition of Terms ▪ Chronostratigraphy - The element of stratigraphy that deals with the relative time relations and ages of rock bodies. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Definition of Terms ▪ Eonothem (and Eon) • An eonothem is a chronostratigraphic unit greater than an erathem. The geochronologic equivalent is an eon. Three eonothems are generally recognized, from older to younger, the Archean, Proterozoic and Phanerozoic eonothems. The combined first two are usually referred to as the Precambrian. ▪ Erathem (and Era) • An erathem consists of a group of systems. • The geochronologic equivalent of an erathem is an era. The names of erathems were chosen to reflect major changes of the development of life on the Earth: Paleozoic (old life), Mesozoic (intermediate life), and Cenozoic (recent life). Eras carry the same name as their corresponding erathems. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Definition of Terms ▪ System (and Period) • A system is a unit of major rank in the conventional chronostratigraphic hierarchy, above a series and below an erathem. The geochronologic equivalent of a system is a period. Occasionally, the terms subsystem and supersystem have been used. • The boundaries of a system are defined by boundary-stratotypes • The time span of the currently accepted Phanerozoic systems ranges from 30 to 80 million years, except for the Quaternary System that has a time span of only about 1.64 million years. • The names of currently recognized systems are of diverse origin inherited from early classifications: some indicate chronologic position (Tertiary, Quaternary), others have lithologic connotation (Carboniferous, Cretaceous), others are tribal (Ordovician, Silurian), and still others are geographic (Devonian, Permian). • Likewise, they bear a variety of endings such as "an", "ic", and "ous". There is no need to standardize the derivation or orthography of the well-established system names. The period takes the same name as the system to which it corresponds. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Definition of Terms ▪ Series (and Epoch) • The series is a chronostratigraphic unit ranking above a stage and below a system. The geochronologic equivalent of a series is an epoch. • The terms superseries and subseries have been used only infrequently. • Series are defined by boundary stratotypes. • The time span of currently accepted series ranges from 13 to 35 million years. • A new series name should be derived from a geographic feature in the vicinity of its stratotype or type area. The names of most currently recognized series, however, are derived from their position within a system: lower, middle, upper. • Names of geographic origin should preferably be given the ending "ian" or "an". • The epoch corresponding to a series takes the same name as the series except that the terms "lower" and "upper" applied to a series are changed to "early" and "late" when referring to an epoch. • The use of the term "series" for a lithostratigraphic unit more or less equivalent to a group should be discontinued. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Definition of Terms ▪ Substage and Superstage • A substage is a subdivision of a stage whose equivalent geochronologic term is subage. • Adjacent stages may be grouped into a superstage. Names of substages and superstages follow the same rules as those of stages. ▪ Stage (and Age). ▪ The stage has been called the basic working unit of chronostratigraphy because it is suited in scope and rank to the practical needs and purposes of intraregional chronostratigraphic classification. • The stage includes all rocks formed during an age. A stage is normally the lowest ranking unit in the chronostratigraphic hierarchy that can be recognized on a global scale. It is a subdivision of a series. • A stage is defined by its boundary stratotypes, sections that contain a designated point in a stratigraphic sequence of essentially continuous deposition, preferably marine, chosen for its correlation potential. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Definition of Terms ▪ Stage (and Age) • The selection of the boundaries of the stages of the Standard Global Chronostratigraphic Scale deserves particular emphasis because such boundaries serve to define not only the stages but also chronostratigraphic units of higher rank, such as series and systems. • The lower and upper boundary stratotypes of a stage represent specific moments in geologic time, and the time interval between them is the time span of the stage. Currently recognized stages vary in time span, but most range between 2 and 10 million years. The thickness of the strata in a stage and its duration in time are independent variables of widely varying magnitudes. • The name of a stage should be derived from a geographic feature in the vicinity of its stratotype or type area. • In English, the adjectival form of the geographic term is used with an ending in "ian" or "an". The age takes the same name as the corresponding stage. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Paleontology • Study of fossils that have an age of 10,000 yrs and more. • Favorable Fossilization: Conditions for 1. Must possession of hard parts like exoskeleton, bones, nails and tooth etc. 2. Rapid Burial Source: http://www.fossilmuseum.net/fishfossils/spar nodus/sparnodus.htm 3. Availability of finer rather than coarser sediments and undisturbed conditions of sedimentation for a longer period. 4. Presence of highly mineralized ground water 5. Calm waters and environment with little or no oxygen. (Anoxic Environment) H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Source: http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_scienc e/explainer/2016/10/how_to_drain_a_swamp.ht ml Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Paleontology • Fossils are used to determine the relative age of strata, paleoenvironment, and evidence of life evolution. • 3 types of fossil a. Body Fossils - Skeletal parts, shells, bones and teeth Source: http://ultimosegundo.ig.com.br/ciencia/nenhumanimal-foi-ferido-no-confeccao-destefossil/n1597697352035.html b. Trace Fossils - Tracks, Trails, Burrows, and Nests, Feces (Coprolite) which indicates organic activities. c. Chemical Fossils: When some organisms decompose they leave a characteristic chemical signature. Such chemical traces provide indirect evidence for the existence of past life. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Source: https://www.ebay.com/itm/Baby-DinosaurFootprint-Replica-Fossil-/152772697429 Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Paleontology • MAJOR FIELDS IN PALEONTOLOGY: 1. Paleozoology - study of fossil animals 2. Paleobotany - study of fossil plant 3. Micropaleontology - study of small fossils (includes many groups mentioned under palynology and also foraminifera, radiolaria, etc. 4. Ichnology - study of trace fossils. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Paleontology • Index Fossils: ❑ the forms of life which existed during limited periods of geologic time and thus are used as guides to the age of the rocks in which they are preserved ❑ Characteristics of Index Fossils: ✓ Well Preserved ✓ Abundant ✓ Distinctive ✓ Easily recognized forms H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Source: https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/geotime/fossils.gif Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Paleontology • Taphonomy ❑ Introduced by Russian scientist Ivan Efremov ❑ Came from the Greek word : ➢ taphos meaning “burial” ➢ nomos meaning “ law” ❑ Defined as the study of the history of an organism from its death to its discovery within a rock or sediment. ❑ Simply defined as the study of how living organisms become fossilized H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Paleontology • Stages in the formation and modification of animal assemblages ❑ BIOTIC STAGE ✓ From birth to death ✓ The organism grows whatever tissue is capable of being preserved then dies. ✓ Biocenosisthe original complete assemblage of living organisms (life assemblage) H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Paleontology • Stages in the formation and modification of assemblages animal ❑ INTERMENT STAGE ✓ Death to final burial ✓ The carcass is exposed to: o Decomposition – destruction of soft tissues (mostly by bacteria) o Disassociation separated o Abrasion – surface details of hard parts lost o Breakage fragments o Winnowing - fragments sorted by size due to moving water H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 - – hard hard parts parts become degraded into Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Paleontology • Stages in the formation and modification of assemblages animal ❑ INTERMENT STAGE ✓ Thanatocoenosis – death assemblage ✓ Necrolysis – the process of breakup and decay of organisms immediately after death (death breakup) ✓ Biostratinomy ▪ Occur after necrolysis ▪ Processes that occur between the death of an organism and its subsequent burial in the sediment H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Paleontology • Stages in the formation and modification of assemblages animal ❑ DIAGENETIC STAGE ✓ Final burial to discovery ✓ Once buried, the remains are officially fossils, however their existence is still perilous ✓ Diagenesis results in ✓ Dissolution- hard parts chemically altered into soluble substances ✓ Compaction – remains crushed by overlying sediment ✓ Recrystallization – ground water and minerals enter, form crystals and disrupt remains H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Paleontology • Stages in the formation and modification of assemblages animal ❑ DIAGENETIC STAGE ✓ Diagenesis - The physical and/or chemical effects after burial H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Paleontology • Stages in the formation and modification of assemblages animal ❑ INVESTIGATIVE STAGE ✓ Discovery to ultimate destruction ✓ To enter the fossil record, as scholars understand it, a fossil must be exhumed, discovered, and described. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Paleontology • Modes of Fossilization i. Freezing ii. Mummification (Drying or Dessication) iii. Amber Preservation iv. Tar Preservation Source: http://pinktentacle.com/2007/0 7/frozen-baby-mammothheaded-to-japan/ v. Petrification vi. Permineralization a. Pyritization Source: http://www.dominicanblueamberwholesale.com// b. Silicification c. Calcification vii. Carbonization viii. Mold and Cast H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Source: http://www.rockhoundtimes.co m/pyritized-fossils.html Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Paleontology • Mold and Cast ❑ An organism will lie in sediment until the surrounding sediment becomes firm. Later the organism dissolves away. If there is no infilling of the cavity with mineral, sand or clay this is called a natural mold. The outside of the mold, which would have been the outer surface of the animal, is referred to as an external mold. This often has the fine detail of the surface of the original organism ❑ The inside surface of the mold is referred to as the internal mold, (sometimes miscalled casts). The internal cast forms when sand or clay fills such things as empty shells of snails and clams, which are common. If the cavity is filled with grains of sand or clay, duplicating the original inner surface of the organism, this is referred to as a cast. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Paleontology • Mold and Cast ❑ Mold - is an impression in the sediment of a skeleton or shell ✓ Internal Mold (steinkern) – the impression of the inside surface of skeletal hard parts. ✓ External Mold – the impression of the outside surface of skeleton or bone ❑ Cast - is formed by the filling-in of a mold H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Paleontology • Lagerstätten ❑ from German meaning "mother lode“ or “bonanza”: the vein of gold or silver that makes its finder rich ❑ These are fossils sites from which exception fossils come, with many fossils exhibiting extraordinary quality and completeness of preservation and/or a wide diversity of fauna and/or flora. • Two types of Lagerstätten ❑ Konzentrat-Lagerstätten - concentration of fossils accumulated over period of time that represent a community of organisms ❑ Konservat-Lagerstätten - These fossil sites exhibit exceptional preservation of fossilized organisms or ichnofossils. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Paleontology • Lagerstätten ❑ Ediacara Hills (Ediacaran Period) ❑ contain fossils of early multicellular life forms, the Ediacaran biota. It is located in South Australia. ❑ Burgess Shale (Cambrian) ❑ Provides the first glimpse to the Cambrian Explosion in the fossil record. It is located in British Columbia, Canada. ❑ Solnhofen Limestone (Jurassic) ❑ most famous of which are the handful of specimens of the ancient bird Archaeopteryx in Solnhofen, Germany ❑ Rancho La Brea Tar pits (Pleistocene) ❑ The tar pit fossils bear eloquent witness to life in southern California from 40,000 to 8,000 years ago; aside from vertebrates, they include plants, mollusks, and insects H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Paleontology • Lagerstätten ❑ Qingjiang biota (Cambrian period) ❑ They included many soft bodied animals such as jellyfish, sea anemones, sponges, arthropods and algae and various kinds of aquatic worms. (China) ❑ Mazon Creek (Pennsylvanian) ❑ A lagerstätte in northeast Illinois. The site's greatest find is the oldestknown beetle. ❑ Morrison Formation (Jurassic) ❑ the most fertile source of dinosaur fossils in North America. ❑ Jehol biota (Pleistocene) ❑ Noteworthy for the many different fossils and the large numbers of individuals of each species that have been recovered. China. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Paleontology • Lagerstätten ❑ Smoky Hill Chalk (Upper Cretaceous) ❑ It is known for its exceptionally wellpreserved marine reptiles from the Western Inland Sea. ❑ Rhynie Chert (Devonian) ❑ The Rhynie chert contains exceptionally preserved material covered by an overlying volcanic deposit. Most of the fossil bed has primitive plants (which had water-conducting cells and sporangia, but no true leaves), along with arthropods, lichens, algae and fungi. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Paleontology • Lagerstätten ❑ Holzmaden (Lower Jurassic, Swabia, Germany) ❑ Environment: Deepwater black shale ❑ Preservation: carbonized films of the soft tissues around skeletons of marine vertebrates ❑ Significance: preserves anatomical details otherwise undetectable from skeletons of ichthyosaurs (dorsal fins, caudal fin, etc.). Because of high abundance of pregnant females, suggests that this was a birthing region. Source: https://www.simplyscience.ch/asset s/images/9/Fischsaurier_fg0110259f59.jpg H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Paleontology • Lagerstätten ❑ Hunsrückschiefer (Early Rhineland, Germany): Devonian, ❑ Environment: stagnation deposit, muddy offshore ❑ Preservation: pyritization of soft tissues (can be seen best in X-rays) ❑ Significance: anatomical details of soft tissues of Devonian bottom dwellers Source: http://www.bundenbachfossilien.de/assets/images/intro-asterozoa465x325.jpg H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Paleontology • Paleoecology ❑ It is the investigation of individuals, populations, and communities of ancient organisms and their interactions with one another ❑ Fundamental approach is uniformitarian in nature. ❑ Ecological Hierarchy - describes the arrangement of biological organisms in relation to one another. 1. Biosphere - divided into ecosystems 2. Ecosystems – sum of all physical and biological characteristics in a given area. 3. Communities – local associations of organisms 4. Habitat – actual physical environment in which the organisms lives. 5. Niche – sum of all physical , chemical, and biological limits on the organism, its way of life, and the role it plays on the ecosystem. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Paleontology • Marin Ecosystem ❑ Pelagic ❑ Organisms that live in the water column above the seafloor. ❑ They can be divided into two main groups: ❑ the floaters or plankton ❑ the swimmers or nekton H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Paleontology • Marin Ecosystem ❑ Benthos ❑ Organisms that live on or in the seafloor. ❑ They are characterized as: ❑ Epifauna - those that live on the seafloor ❑ Infauna - animals that live in and move through the sediments ❑ Sessile - organisms that stay in one place ❑ Mobile/Vagrant - those that move around on or in the seafloor H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Paleontology • Ichnofossils ❑ These are not actual remains but an indication of organic activity such as tracks, trails, burrows, and nests. The trace fossil known as a coprolite is fossilized feces that may provide information about the diet and size of the animal that produced it. ❑ Borings vs. Burrows ➢ burrows formed in soft sediment and borings made by organisms into hard substrate. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Source: Nichols., G. (2010) Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Paleontology • Ichnofossils ❑ Trace fossils give evidence about: ➢ The behavior of organisms - and so are part of the organisms’ paleobiology; ➢ Sedimentary environments - and so are like sedimentary structures. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Source: https://images.glaciermedia.ca/polopoly_fs/1.23407621.1534876866!/file Image/httpImage/image.jpg_gen/derivatives/landscape_804/in-animalbehaviour-five-animals-discuss-their-angst-in-a-group-therapysession.jpg Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Paleontology • Ichnofossils ❑ Advantages of Trace Fossils over Body Fossils ➢ Preservation Potential - Trace fossils are common in clastic sedimentary rocks that are normally lacking body fossils. ➢ Long Time Ranges - Trace fossils are useful as environmental indicators for broader periods of time, they are more likely encountered than some body fossils. ➢ Abundance ➢ Common In-situ Occurrence - Unlike body fossils, trace fossils are very rarely transported out of their original substrate. ➢ Excellent Environmental Indicators - Trace fossils provide important clues to the original conditions of ancient environments H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Paleontology • Main types of Trace Fossils and Biogenic Structures ❑ Tracks - sets of discrete footprints, usually formed by arthropods or vertebrates Source: http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/naturelibrary/images/ic/cr edit/640x395/t/tr/trace_fossil/trace_fossil_1.jpg ❑ Trails - continuous traces, usually formed by the whole body of a worm, mollusk or arthropod, either traveling or resting Source: http://www.fossilmall.com/Cambrian_Shadows/ Climactichnites/Climactichnites-d.jpg H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Taxonomy • Taxonomy, in a broad sense, the science of classification, but more strictly the classification of living and extinct organisms— i.e., biological classification. The term is derived from the Greek taxis (“arrangement”) and nomos (“law”). • Organisms are classified within a succession of nested groups that ranges from the general to the particular (Kingdom-Species) H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Source: https://static01.nyt.com/images/2008/01/21/science/22angi.600.jpg Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Taxonomy • Father of Linnaeus Taxonomy - Carolus ❑ Created the Binomial Nomenclature (Linnaean System) or the system of formally naming organisms according to their genus and species names. ❑ Introduced the standard hierarchy of class, order, genus, and species. ❑ A genus is typically the name for a small group of closely related organisms. ❑ The second part of a scientific name, axyridis in this example, is the specific epithet. ❑ Ex. Harmonia axyridis. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Source: https://cdn.britannica.com/05/147505-0500685F7F4/Carolus-Linnaeus-Robert-John-Thornton-TheTemple.jpg Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Taxonomy • Binomial Nomenclature (Linnaean System) Source: http://image.slidesharecdn.com/u6l3pptclassificationoflivingthings-140916111529phpapp02/95/u6-l3-classification-of-living-things-9-638.jpg?cb=1410866521 H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Domains and the Six Kingdoms • Prokaryotes - organisms whose cells do NOT have a nucleus and other internal structure 1. Archaebacteria (old bacteria) 2.Eubacteria bacteria/Monera) H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 (true Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Domains and the Six Kingdoms • Eukaryotes - highly organized cells with nucleus and other internal organelles 1. Protista 2. Fungi (mushrooms) 3. Plantae (plants) 4. Animalia (animals) H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Domains and the Six Kingdoms • Monera (includes Eubacteria and Archeobacteria) ❑ Individuals are single-celled, may or may not move, have a cell wall, have no chloroplasts or other organelles, and have no nucleus. Source: https://image.slidesharecdn.com/kingdomeubacteria160210111253/95/kingdom-eubacteria-2-638.jpg?cb=1455103746 H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Domains and the Six Kingdoms • Protista ❑ Protists are single-celled and usually move by cilia, flagella, or by amoeboid mechanisms. ❑ There is usually no cell wall, although some forms may have a cell wall. ❑ They have organelles including a nucleus and may have chloroplasts, so some will be green and others will not be. ❑ They are small, although many are big enough to be recognized in a dissecting microscope or even with a magnifying glass. ❑ Nutrients are acquired by photosynthesis, ingestion of other organisms, or both. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Source: https://vignette.wikia.nocookie.net/classificationoforganisms/images/3/3a/Images_%2819%29.jpg/revision/l atest?cb=20161214134836 Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Domains and the Six Kingdoms • Fungi ❑ Fungi are multicellular, with a cell wall, organelles including a nucleus, but no chloroplasts. ❑ They have locomotion. no mechanisms for ❑ Fungi range in size from microscopic to very large ( such as mushrooms). ❑ Nutrients are acquired by absorption. ❑ For the most part, fungi acquire nutrients from decaying material. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Domains and the Six Kingdoms • Plantae ❑ Plants are multicellular and most don't move, although gametes of some plants move using cilia or flagella. ❑ Organelles including nucleus, chloroplasts are present, and cell walls are present. ❑ Nutrients are acquired by photosynthesis (they all require sunlight). H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Domains and the Six Kingdoms • Animalia ❑ Is a multicellular eukaryotic organisms ❑ Has body symmetry, nature of coelom, the arrangement of cells, notochord, patterns of circulatory, digestive and reproductive frameworks, segmentation and an arrangement of cells in germ layers. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Source: https://imgaws.ehowcdn.com/877x500p/s3.amazonaws.com/cme_public_images/w ww_ehow_com/i.ehow.com/images/a05/7u/2r/animalia-kingdom800x800.jpg Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Micropaleontology ❑ Involves the study of organisms so small that they can be observed only with the aid of a microscope. ❑ The size range of microscopic fossils, however, is immense. ❑ In most cases, the term micropaleontology connotes that aspect of paleontology devoted to the Ostracoda, a subclass of crustaceans that are generally less than one millimeter in length; Radiolaria, marine (typically planktonic) protozoans whose remains are common in deep ocean-floor sediments; and Foraminifera, marine protozoans that range in size from about 10 centimeters to a fraction of a millimeter. Source: https://pbs.twimg.com/media/EEGVTn_XoAAXMsp.jpg H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Micropaleontology • Cyanobacteria (Archean to present) ❑ is a phylum of bacteria that obtain their energy through photosynthesis, and are the only photosynthetic prokaryotes able to produce oxygen. ❑ By producing and releasing oxygen (as a byproduct of photosynthesis), they are thought to have converted the early oxygen-poor, reducing atmosphere, into an oxidizing one, causing the Great Oxygenation Event and the "rusting of the Earth”, which dramatically changed the composition of the Earth's life forms and led to the near-extinction of anaerobic organisms. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Source: https://ssl.c.photoshelter.com/imgget/I0000Mm_4C2ydTFM/s/500/400/PX45-001a.jpg Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Micropaleontology • Cyanobacteria (Archean to present) ❑ Stromatolites - are layered mounds, columns, and sheet-like sedimentary structures produced by the sediment trapping, binding, and precipitating activity of cyanobacteria. Source: https://img.etimg.com/thumb/height-450,width800,imgsize-171978,msid-61658209/.jpg H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Micropaleontology • Organic-walled Microfossil ❑ Acritarchs (Mesoarchean to present) ✓ Are hollow, organicwalled, eukaryotic unicells of unknown biological affinity. ✓ Are probably the resting stage (cyst) in the life cycle of marine phytoplanktonic algae. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Micropaleontology • Organic-walled Microfossil ❑ Dinoflagellates (Silurian to Recent) ✓ comprise a group of microscopic algae with organic-walled cysts. Source: http://www.charlottenewsvt.org/wpcontent/uploads/2019/08/Cyanobacteria.jpg ✓ A bloom of certain dinoflagellates can result in a visible coloration of the water colloquially known as “Red tide” ✓ At night, water can have an appearance of sparkling light due to the bioluminescence of dinoflagellates. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Source: https://www.aqua.org/-/media/Images/Oceans-Ato-Z/Landing-Page-Images/realexamples/desktop/bioluminescent-plankton_5-1018_1200x799.ashx?la=en&hash=1705D96CD5748BB26 D4D69A53AE1C6212A2AF8E0 Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Micropaleontology • Inorganic-walled Microfossils ❑ Foraminifera (Cambrian – Recent) ✓ Are shelled, heterotrophic protozoans, common in a wide variety of Phanerozoic sedimentary rocks. ✓ are characterized by a complex network of granular pseudopodia. ✓ Exclusively Marine with Benthic or Planktic life mode ✓ one of the most useful groups of fossils for solving many kinds of geological problems such as stratigraphic correlation, understanding of paleoclimate, and aids in petroleum exploration. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Micropaleontology • Inorganic-walled Microfossils ❑ Foraminifera (Cambrian – Recent) ✓ Planktonic foraminifera occur worldwide over broad laditudinal and temperature belts. They typically float in the surface or near-surface waters of the open ocean. Their wide geographical range, combined with a short vertical stratigraphic time range (due to rapid evolution), make them excellent index fossils at family, generic and species levels. The figure on the left shows the ecological distribution of larger benthic foraminifera and key smaller benthic and planktonic foraminifera through space and H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Source: https://paleonerdish.files.wordpress.com/2013/09/ census-marine-life-tiny-single-celledbubbles_19054_600x450.jpg Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Micropaleontology • Inorganic-walled Microfossils ❑ Foraminifera (Cambrian – Recent) ✓ Benthic foraminifera live at all depths of the ocean, or in brackish/freshwater habitats, as either free-floating or attached organisms. The so-called "larger benthic foraminifera" are a critical group of forams with complicated internal structures, which makes them unique. They aren't necessarily bigger than small benthic foraminifera, but they usually are. ✓ Larger benthic forams must be studied in thin section while smaller forams can be identified from their external morphology. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Source: https://ocean.si.edu/sites/default/files/styles/articl e_main_image/public/foraminifera.jpg?itok=oOT Q8YST Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Micropaleontology • Inorganic-walled Microfossils ❑ Foraminifera (Cambrian – Recent) ✓ Nektonic foraminifera - swimmers Source: https://www.climate-policy-watcher.org/platetectonics/images/3326_581_272.jpg H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Micropaleontology • Inorganic-walled Microfossils ❑ Foraminifera (Cambrian – Recent) Source: https://hoopermuseum.carleton.ca/forams/PARTS3.JPG ✓ Anatomy of test Source: https://hoopermuseum.carl eton.ca/forams/PARTS2.JP G H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Source: https://hoopermus eum.carleton.ca/f orams/PART.JPG Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Micropaleontology • Inorganic-walled Microfossils ❑ Foraminifera (Cambrian – Recent) ✓ Type of test (Composition) 1. Organic 2. Agglutinated 3. Secreted Source: https://paleonerdish.files.wordpress.com/2013/06/750pxforaminifc3a8res_de_ngapali.jpg H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Micropaleontology • Inorganic-walled Microfossils ❑ Foraminifera (Cambrian – Recent) ✓ Type of test (Composition) 1. Organic a. Protinaceous b. Mucopolysaccharide H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Micropaleontology • Inorganic-walled Microfossils ❑ Foraminifera (Cambrian – Recent) ✓ Type of test (Composition) 2. Agglutinated - Composed of randomly accumulated grains or grains selected on the basis of specific gravity, shape or size; some forms arrange particular grains in specific parts of the test. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Source: https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0S0377839815300220-pl1.jpg Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Micropaleontology • Inorganic-walled Microfossils ❑ Foraminifera (Cambrian – Recent) ✓ Type of test (Composition) 3. Secreted a. Microgranular walled forms (commonly found in the late Palaeozoic) are composed of equidimensional subspherical grains of crystalline calcite. b. Porcelaneous forms have a wall composed of thin inner and outer veneers enclosing a thick middle layer of crystal laths, they are imperforate and made from high magnesium calcite. c. Hyaline foraminifera add a new lamella to the entire test each time a new chamber is formed; various types of lamellar wall structure have been recognized, the wall is penetrated by fine pores and hence termed perforate. d. Siliceous H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Micropaleontology • Inorganic-walled Microfossils ❑ Foraminifera (Cambrian – Recent) ✓ Type of aperture H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Micropaleontology • Inorganic-walled Microfossils ❑ Foraminifera (Cambrian – Recent) ✓ Foraminifera in the Index Fossil of the Philippines H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Micropaleontology • Inorganic-walled Microfossils ❑ Coccolithophores (Triassic – Recent) ✓ Are the dominant members of the fossil calcareous nannoplankton, and the calcareous plates they produce, coccoliths, dominate nannofossil assemblages. ✓ are the main component of Chalk, a Late Cretaceous rock formation which outcrops widely in southern England and forms the White Cliffs of Dover, and of other similar rocks in many other parts of the world. ✓ Coccosphere H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Micropaleontology • Inorganic-walled Microfossils ❑ Calpionellids (Jurassic to Cretaceous) ✓ Group of extinct, cup-shaped, calcareous microfossils that were abundant in Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous pelagic sediments, especially in the Tethyan realm. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Micropaleontology • Inorganic-walled Microfossils ❑ Radiolarians (Cambrian – Recent) ✓ Are marine, unicellular, planktonic protists with delicate skeletons usually composed of a framework of opaline silica ✓ Their name is derived from the radial symmetry, commonly marked by radial skeletal spines, characteristic of many forms. Many others, however, lack radial symmetry. ✓ Index Fossil - (Liminangcong Formation in North Palawan) Triassic H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Micropaleontology • Inorganic-walled Microfossils ❑ Diatoms (Jurassic – Recent) ✓ are unicellular autotrophs that are included among the chrysophyte algae; they are characterized by large green-brown chloroplasts. ✓ Composed skeleton. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 of opaline silica Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Macropaleontology • Archaeocyathids ❑ (Early to Late Cambrian) ✓ very first reef-building animals and are an index fossil for the Lower Cambrian worldwide. ✓ their biological affinities are difficult to determine H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Macropaleontology • Phylum Porifera (Sponges) ❑ (Late Proterozoic – Recent) ✓ Are multicellular organisms that have bodies full of pores and channels allowing water to circulate through them, consisting of jelly-like mesohyl sandwiched between two thin layers of cells. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Macropaleontology • Phylum Porifera (Sponges) ❑ (Late Proterozoic – Recent) ✓ Spicules H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Macropaleontology • Phylum Cnidaria ❑ (Late Proterozoic – Recent) ✓ Includes the sea anemones, jellyfish and corals, having cells organized into a relatively few different tissue types in a radial plan ✓ Corals (Class Anthozoa) – most important fossil forming and reef-building Cnidarians ➢ The Important Corals in geologic history: o Tabulate Permian) Corals o Rugose Permian) Corals o Scleractinian Recent) H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 (Ordovician (Ordovician Corals (Triassic – Index Fossil - Gshelia sp. – A rugose coral found in Mansalay, Mindoro at the Base of Punso Conglomerate – Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Macropaleontology • Phylum Bryozoa (Bryozoans) ❑ (Ordovician – Recent) ✓ Are a phylum of aquatic invertebrate animals. Typically about 0.5 mm long, they are filter feeders that sieve food particles out of the water using a retractable lophophore, a "crown" of tentacles lined with cilia. ✓ The only phylum in species are colonial. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 which all Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Macropaleontology • Phylum Brachiopoda (Brachiopods) ❑ (Cambrian – Recent) ✓ Are entirely marine, bilaterally symmetric animals with a ciliated feeding organ, or lophophore, contained within a pair of shells or valves. ✓ The most abundant and diverse of all the skeletonized invertebrates of the Paleozoic. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Macropaleontology • Phylum Mollusca (Molluscs) ❑ (Cambrian – Recent) ✓ The phylum includes animals with an external shell, for example snails and oysters, as well as mainly softbodied forms, for example slugs and squids. ✓ Three most important fossil-forming clades of Molluscs: ➢ Gastropods ➢ Bivalves ➢ Cephalopods H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Macropaleontology • Class Gastropods (Gastropods) ❑ (Cambrian – Recent) ✓ The largest and most diverse class of mollusks. ✓ The defining characteristic of gastropods is the torsion of its shell. ✓ Most are benthic while some such as the pteropods are planktic. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Macropaleontology • Class Bivalvia (Bivalves) ❑ (Cambrian – Recent) ✓ Laterally compressed mollusks enclosed within a pair of hinged shells or valves. ✓ Has a different range of benthic life forms (Infaunal, epifaunal, encrusting, etc.) H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Macropaleontology • Class Cephalopoda (Cephalopods) ❑ (Cambrian – Recent) ✓ Cephalopods are the most morphologically complex group of mollusks. ✓ They are mostly Nektons ✓ The class includes active, jetpropelled predators with highly developed sensory structures. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Macropaleontology • Class Cephalopoda (Cephalopods) ❑ (Cambrian – Recent) ✓ The class includes the: ❖ Nautilus have a chambered, external shell that may be straight or coiled, with simple sutures. A living fossil. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Macropaleontology • Class Cephalopoda (Cephalopods) ❑ (Cambrian – Recent) ✓ The class includes the: ❖ Ammonites - had a chambered, planispirally coiled shell with complex sutures. o Index Fossil: Found in Mansalay Formation in Mindoro (Jurassic) o Perisphinctes faliabulious, Macrocephalites fabi and Meekoceras seeleyi. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Macropaleontology • Class Cephalopoda (Cephalopods) ❑ (Cambrian – Recent) ✓ The class includes the: ❖ Belemnites - characterized by an internal skeleton with a robust, bullet-shaped, calcite counterweight H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Macropaleontology • Phylum (Echinoderms) Echinodermata ❑ (Cambrian – Recent) ✓ Distinguished from other invertebrates due to its pentameral symmetry. ✓ Living echinoderms include starfish, sea lilies, sea cucumbers, and sea urchins. ✓ Strictly marine, macroscopic, almost all epifaunal H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Macropaleontology • Crinoids ❑ (Ordovician to Recent) ✓ Famously called “sea lilies” ✓ They are usually sessile, with characteristic echinoderm pentameral symmetry, rooted by a stalk, for at least part of their life cycle, to the seabed. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Macropaleontology • Echinoids ❑ (Ordovician to Recent) ✓ The well-known sea urchins and sand dollars ✓ have robust, rigid endoskeletons, or tests, composed of plates of calcite coated by an outer skin covered by spines. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Macropaleontology • Echinoids ❑ (Ordovician to Recent) ✓ The well-known sea urchins and sand dollars ✓ have robust, rigid endoskeletons, or tests, composed of plates of calcite coated by an outer skin covered by spines. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Macropaleontology • Phylum Arthropoda ❑ (Cambrian – Recent) ✓ A very common and spectacularly diverse group of legged invertebrates accounting for about three-quarters of all species living on the planet today ✓ It includes the crustaceans, insects, trilobites, centipedes, millipedes, and etc. ✓ They occupy all habitats, from the marine realm, to the great variety of insects and other arthropods in terrestrial and freshwater habitats, to the enormous variety of flying insects. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Macropaleontology • Trilobites ❑ (Cambrian – Permian) ✓ Were a unique and very successful arthropod group, common throughout the Paleozoic until their extinction at the end of the Permian. ✓ All trilobites were mobile and most seem to have crawled on the sea bed (Benthic). H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Macropaleontology • Ostracods ❑ (Ordovician – recent) ✓ The most arthropods commonly fossilized ✓ are crustaceans that secrete a pair of kidney-bean-shaped calcareous shells hinged over their back ✓ Most are microscopic forms less that 2 mm in length ✓ Can be benthic or pelagic. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Macropaleontology • Graptolites (Class Graptholithina) ❑ (Mid Cambrian – Carboniferous) ✓ Are an extinct group of marine, colonial animals that built their skeletons from a variety of proteins, dominated by collagen. ✓ They were called graptolites because they looked like graphite pencil markings. ✓ Graptolites eventually became one of the best index fossils for the early Paleozoic (Ordovician-Silurian). ✓ They adapt a benthic and planktic life mode. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Macropaleontology • Vertebrates ❑ Comprise all species of animals within the subphylum Vertebrata. ❑ Under the Phylum Chordata ❑ Most important classes of Vertebrates: ✓ Fishes ✓ Amphibians ✓ Reptiles ✓ Mammals ✓ Birds H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Source: https://i1.wp.com/smartsciencepro.com/wpcontent/uploads/2014/09/Vertebrates-Classification-OfAnimals.jpg Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Macropaleontology • Vertebrates ❑ Fishes ✓ Are the gillbearing aquatic craniate animal s that lack limbs with digits. ✓ Fossil Range: recent Cambrian – ✓ The first fishes are thought to have emerged some 518 million years ago during the Cambrian Period H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Macropaleontology • Vertebrates ❑ Fishes ✓ Five basic groups: o Jawless Fish (Class Agnatha) Cambrian to Present o Armoured Placodermi) Devonian Fish (Class – Silurian to o Cartilaginous fish (Class Chondrichthyes) – Silurian to Present o Spiny Sharks (Class Acanthodii) – Silurian to Permian o Bony Fish (Class Osteichthyes) – Silurian to Present H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Macropaleontology • Vertebrates ❑ Fishes ✓ Conodonts o are extinct agnathan chordates that resemble eels and are known from toothlike microfossils (Conodont elements). o Fossil range of Late Cambrian to Late Triassic and are used as index fossils. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Macropaleontology • Vertebrates ❑ Fishes ✓ Conodonts o Index Fossil: o Gondolella rosen Krantzi (Bacuit Formation in Palawan) - Permian o Ozarkodina tortilis (Minilog Formation) - Permian o Priodiodella periodic dellides and Neohindeodella uniforma (Liminangcong Formation in North Palawan) – Triassic H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Macropaleontology • Vertebrates ❑ Fishes ✓ Ostracoderms (shell-skinned) o Armoured, jawless, fishlike vertebrates that emerged during the early part of the Paleozoic Era H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Macropaleontology • Vertebrates ❑ Amphibians ✓ Temporal present Range: Devonian – ✓ Are tetrapods (four-limbed vertebrates) that lay eggs in water. ✓ They are the ancestral group to all of the other tetrapods, including reptiles, dinosaurs, and mammals, as well as birds. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Macropaleontology • Vertebrates ❑ Amphibians H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Macropaleontology • Vertebrates ❑ Amniotes ✓ Are a clade of tetrapod vertebrates comprising the reptiles, birds, and mammals that lay their eggs on land or retain the fertilized egg within the mother. ✓ There are four main lines of amniotes, which may be distinguished by the structure of the skull and in particular the number of temporal fenestrae (openings) behind each eye. ➢ Anapsid – Turtles, tortoises ➢ Diapsid – crocodiles, snakes, dinosaurs, pterosaurs ➢ Synapsid – mammals, dimetrodon ➢ Eurypsid - plesiosaurs H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Macropaleontology • Vertebrates ❑ Reptiles (Class Reptilia) ✓ (Carboniferous – Recent) ➢ Reptiles are air-breathing vertebrates. They have internal fertilization, amniotic development , and epidermal scales covering part or all of their body. ➢ Comprising today's turtles, crocodilians, snakes, amphibians, lizards, tuatara, and their extinct relatives. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Source: https://c402277.ssl.cf1.rackcdn.com/photos/14905/images /magazine_hero/Medium_WW1113937.jpg?1513698429 Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Macropaleontology • Vertebrates ❑ Reptiles (Class Reptilia) ✓ Clade Dinosauria (Dinosaurs) ➢ -Temporal Range: Triassic – present ➢ They became the dominant terrestrial vertebrates after the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event 201 million years ago. Their dominance continued through the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods and ended when the Cretaceous– Paleogene extinction event led to the extinction of most dinosaur groups 66 million years ago. ➢ -The fossil record indicates that birds are modern feathered dinosaurs H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Macropaleontology • Vertebrates ❑ Birds (Class Aves) ✓ Jurassic - present ➢ -are a group of endothermic vertebrates, characterized by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a fourchambered heart, and a strong yet lightweight skeleton. ➢ Archaeopteryx ➢ Is a genus of bird-like dinosaurs that is transitional between non-avian feathered dinosaurs and modern birds. ➢ often considered the oldest known true bird. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Macropaleontology • Vertebrates ❑ Mammals (Class Mammalia) ✓ (Triassic – Recent) ➢ Mammals differ from other vertebrate animals in that their young are nourished with milk from special mammary glands of the mother. ➢ The early mammals were almost certainly egg-layers, and there still exist a couple of mammals that lay eggs. ➢ Locomotion of mammals vary from terrestrial, arboreal, aquatic, aerial, and fossorial H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thu mb/a/a2/Mammal_Diversity_2011.png/300pxMammal_Diversity_2011.png Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Macropaleontology • Vertebrates ❑ Mammals (Class Mammalia) ✓ (Triassic – Recent) ➢ Monotremes Recent) (Creteaceous – ❖ egg laying mammals. The only monotremes that are alive today are the spiny anteater, or echidna, and the platypus H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Macropaleontology • Vertebrates ❑ Mammals (Class Mammalia) ✓ (Triassic – Recent) ➢ Marsupials (Cretaceous – Recent) ❖ They give live birth, but they do not have long gestation times. Most of the young are carried in a pouch. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Macropaleontology • Vertebrates ❑ Mammals (Class Mammalia) ✓ (Triassic – Recent) ➢ Placentals (Cretaceous – Recent) ❖ characterized by the presence of a placenta, which facilitates exchange of nutrients and wastes between the blood of the mother and that of the fetus H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Macropaleontology • Plantae ❑ Algae ✓ Diverse collection of aquatic organisms that, in general, have the ability to produce their own food through the process of photosynthesis ➢ Red Algae (Rhodophyta) ❖ They thickly encrust shells and subtidal surfaces with calcite; others form bush-like plants that contribute a large volume of carbonate sand to the sediment when they die H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Macropaleontology • Plantae ❑ Algae ➢ Green Algae (Chlorophyta) ❖ Secretes heavily calcified plates in a complex branching pattern. ❖ These plates fall apart when the plant dies, and produce huge volumes of carbonate sand in many tropical settings. ❖ Found in most marine settings, soils, ponds, and lakes H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Macropaleontology • Plantae ❑ Non-Vascular Plants ✓ Are plants without a vascular system consisting of xylem and phloem ➢ Bryophytes - an informal group that is now treated as three separate land plant Divisions: Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts. ➢ Liverworts – oldest terrestrial plant (Ordovician) H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 known Historical Geology and Paleontology Paleontologic Concepts and Processes ▪ Macropaleontology • Plantae ❑ Vascular Plants ✓ Are higher plants that have xylem and phloem, for conducting water and minerals and to conduct products of photosynthesis respectively ➢ Gymnosperms - are a group of seed-producing plants that includes conifers, cycads, Ginkgo, and gnetophytes ➢ Angiosperms – known as the flowering plants, are the most diverse group of land plants. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Cooksonia – Oldest Vascular Plant (Silurian) Historical Geology and Paleontology ▪ References Bayan, L.A.J. (2018). Historical Geology [Power Point Presentation]. Adamson University, Ermita, Manila, Philippines Bayan, L.A.J., Felosopo, H.J., Reyes, H. and Vergara, J.A. (2016). Summary of Geologic Historical Events; Reviewer for 2016 Licensure Examination for Geologist. Philippines http://www.stratigraphy.org/upload/bak/chron.htm https://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/foram.html H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1