Lecture 4 (1) (1).pdf

Computer fundamentals Lecture Four Introduction to Computer Software Al_Maarif University College Department of Computer Engineering Techniques What is Computer S...

Computer fundamentals Lecture Four Introduction to Computer Software Al_Maarif University College Department of Computer Engineering Techniques What is Computer Software? Computer software refers to a set of instructions, data, or programs used to operate computers and execute specific tasks. It is the non-physical aspect of computing, distinct from the hardware that it runs on. Software directs the hardware on what to do and how to do it, enabling the execution of various operations from basic computing tasks to complex problem-solving. Types of Computer Software 1. System Software It includes: Operating Systems (OS): Manages hardware resources and provides common services for application software. Examples: Microsoft Windows, macOS, Linux, and Android. Device Drivers: Specialized programs that allow the operating system to communicate with hardware devices like printers, graphics cards, and network adapters. Examples: NVIDIA drivers for graphics cards, printer drivers. Utility Programs: Help manage, maintain, and control computer resources. Examples: Antivirus software, disk cleanup tools, file management utilities. 2. Application Software It includes: Productivity Software: Assists users in producing information and managing tasks. Examples: Microsoft Office (Word, Excel, PowerPoint), Google Workspace (Docs, Sheets, Slides). Multimedia Software: Used to create and manage multimedia content such as graphics, video, and audio. Examples: Adobe Photoshop, Adobe Premiere Pro, Audacity. Business Software: Facilitates efficient management of business operations. Examples: SAP (ERP software), Salesforce (CRM software), QuickBooks (accounting software). Educational Software: Designed for teaching and learning purposes. Examples: Blackboard, Duolingo, Khan Academy. Entertainment Software: Includes video games, media players, and streaming services. Examples: Steam, VLC media player, Netflix. What is an Operating System (OS)? Operating System (OS) is a vital software component that acts as an intermediary between computer hardware and the user. It manages hardware resources and provides essential services for computer programs, enabling them to run efficiently and interact with the hardware. The OS is fundamental for the functionality and usability of a computer, whether it’s a desktop, laptop, server, or mobile device. Types of Operating Systems 1.Desktop Operating Systems: ❑ Windows: Developed by Microsoft, widely used in personal and business environments. ❑ macOS: Developed by Apple, used on devices computers. ❑ Linux: Open-source operating system with various distributions like Ubuntu, Fedora, and Debian. 2. Mobile Operating Systems: ▪ Android: Developed by Google, the most widely used OS on smartphones and tablets. ▪ iOS: Developed by Apple, used on iPhones, iPads, and iPods. 3. Server Operating Systems: ▪ Windows Server: Developed by Microsoft for enterprise-level management and applications. ▪ Linux: Commonly used on servers due to its stability, security, and flexibility. ▪ Unix: Known for its flexibility and scalability, used in many high-end servers. COMPUTER - MEMORY UNITS Memory unit is the amount of data that can be stored in the storage unit. capacity is expressed in terms of Bytes.