Lecture 3 Ecology Relationship of One Another.pdf

NS ELEC 3: GENERAL ZOOLOGY LAGUNA STATE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY ECOLOGY RE LA T ION S H IP OF ON E A N OT H E R NS ELEC 3: GENERAL ZOOLOGY LAGUNA STATE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY Objectives...

NS ELEC 3: GENERAL ZOOLOGY LAGUNA STATE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY ECOLOGY RE LA T ION S H IP OF ON E A N OT H E R NS ELEC 3: GENERAL ZOOLOGY LAGUNA STATE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY Objectives 1. define and explain the significance of abiotic factors (e.g., temperature, water, light, soil, and climate) in shaping animal habitats and behaviors 2. describe key concepts in population dynamics, including population size, density, distribution, and growth models (exponential and logistic growth) 3. discuss different community interactions, and concepts of species richness, abundance, and evenness NS ELEC 3: GENERAL ZOOLOGY LAGUNA STATE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY Abiotic Environment Temperature: affects metabolic rates and Light: influences photosynthesis in plants, physiological processes in animals. which in turn affects animal food sources. Different species have adaptations for Animals may exhibit behaviors like temperature regulation (e.g., ectothermy migration based on light cycles (e.g., in reptiles and endothermy in mammals). circadian rhythms). Water: essential for survival; influences Soil and Nutrients: the quality of soil distribution and behavior. Aquatic animals affects plant growth, which is the basis of have adaptations for osmoregulation, the food chain. Animals may rely on while terrestrial animals have adaptations specific plant communities for food and to conserve water (e.g., nocturnal habitat. behavior, specialized kidneys).  NS ELEC 3: GENERAL ZOOLOGY LAGUNA STATE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY Population Dynamics Population size refers to the total number of individuals in a given area. Patterns of Population Distribution Growth models: Population density measures the Exponential Growth characterized by rapid number of individuals per unit area. population increase when resources are abundant, often seen in newly established populations. Logistic Growth occurs when resources are limited; the population grows rapidly initially but levels off as it approaches the carrying capacity (K) of the environment. NS ELEC 3: GENERAL ZOOLOGY LAGUNA STATE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY Factors Influencing Population Dynamics 01 Biotic Factors: include birth rates, death rates, immigration, and emigration. 02 Abiotic Factors: environmental Demography: statistical study of population conditions such as climate, changes over time habitat availability, and food rsources can limit population Age Structure: proportion of population members growth at specific age ranges  NS ELEC 3: GENERAL ZOOLOGY LAGUNA STATE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY Predation: one species (predator) feeds on another (prey). This interaction influences prey population dynamics and drives adaptations such as camouflage Interspecific Interactions and defensive behaviors. occur between individuals of different Mutualism: close association between species within an ecosystem two species in which both organisms benefits Commensalism: one species benefits while the other is neither helped nor harmed Parasitism: one organism (the parasite) benefits at the expense of another (the host), affecting host population dynamics and health  NS ELEC 3: GENERAL ZOOLOGY LAGUNA STATE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY Competition: occurs for the same and limited resources, leading to territorial Intraspecific Interactions behavior and social hierarchies in some species occur between individuals of the same Cooperation: individuals may work species together for mutual benefit (e.g., social animals like wolves hunting in packs)  NS ELEC 3: GENERAL ZOOLOGY LAGUNA STATE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY Community Structure consists of all the interacting populations of different species in a specific area Species Richness: the number of different species present in a community Species Evenness: how evenly individuals are distributed among those species. High evenness indicates a balanced community, Keystone Species: one whose presence while low evenness suggests dominance by one is key to maintaining biodiversity within or a few species. an ecosystem and upholding an ecological community’s structure NS ELEC 3: GENERAL ZOOLOGY LAGUNA STATE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY THANK YOU R GAL L ANO@L S P U. E DU. P H