Lecture 2 - Types and Components of Computers.pdf

NTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Lecture TYPES AND COMPONENTS OF COMPUTERS Slide 1  PART 1 TYPES OF COMPUTERS 7/11/2024 Dr. De-Graft Johnson Dei - djde...

NTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Lecture TYPES AND COMPONENTS OF COMPUTERS Slide 1  PART 1 TYPES OF COMPUTERS 7/11/2024 Dr. De-Graft Johnson Dei - [email protected] - 0243775571 - Slide 2 TYPES OF COMPUTERS How are computer classified? – IT There is no best way to identify the types of computers. The classification is based on their different attributes. Since the application areas of computers are not limited, Computers used in different sector are of different types. Computers are classified on the basis of work (application), data handling, size, functions, brand, model, purpose, memory or processing capacities, etc. A computer system exists in a wide range of sizes and ranges of power, and different types of computer systems have varying capabilities. The classification of computers varies with the advancement of technology. 7/11/2024 Dr. De-Graft Johnson Dei - [email protected] - 0243775571 - Slide 3  TYPES OF COMPUTERS 7/11/2024 Dr. De-Graft Johnson Dei - [email protected] - 0243775571 Slide 4 -  Analog Computers Analog computer is one which measures physical values such as temperature or pressure that fall along a continuous scale or variance in temperature or pressure. It is the one which is designed to work on numerical data represented by some physical quantity (rotation or displacement) or electrical quantity (voltage or charge) which varies continuously. Examples of analog computer: speedometer, thermometer. The output of analog computer is continuous, which is usually in the form of readings on dials or graphs. Analog computer is a single problem oriented machine (i.e. specific to a particular task). 7/11/2024 Dr. De-Graft Johnson Dei - [email protected] - 0243775571 Slide 5 -  Analog Computers It works on a constant supply of varying signals (and not necessarily even electrical). For example, an automatic transmission in a car is pretty much an analog computer. As the pressure of the pump and the signals on the governor and modulator valve vary, the fluid goes through different valves in the control body and controls which transmission bands are applied at what particular time. Thermometer, multi meter, speedometer, fuel and price indicator in petrol pumps, etc. Features of analog computer 1. It is designed for specific task. 2. It has limited memory space. 3. The accuracy of this computer is poor. 4. No complex processing that's why result is available instantly. 5. It operated by measuring physical quantities such as voltage, temperature, pressure, speed, etc. 7/11/2024 Dr. De-Graft Johnson Dei - [email protected] - 0243775571 - Slide 6  Digital computers A digital computer is one that directly counts number or digits that represents number, letter or other special symbols. It is a computer capable of solving problems by processing information in discrete form. It is operated on data, including magnitudes, letters, and symbols, that are expressed in binary form. Examples: special purpose computer used in airline reservation, bank, cheque processing, etc. The personal computers that we are using are all digital computers. A Digital Computer works with digits to represent numerals, letters or other special symbols. They operate on inputs which are ON-OFF type and its output is also in the form of ON-OFF signal. So we can say that digital computers process information which is based on the presence or the absence of an electrical charge or we prefer to say a binary 1 or 0. 7/11/2024 Dr. De-Graft Johnson Dei - [email protected] - Slide 7 0243775571 -  Digital computers What are the features of digital computer? Features of digital computer: It is multipurpose machine. It has large memory space. The accuracy of this computer is very high. It is versatile in nature. Digital computer works on binary form, i.e. 0s and 1s. 7/11/2024 Dr. De-Graft Johnson Dei - [email protected] - Slide 8 0243775571 -  Hybrid Computers Hybrid computer is one, which can do the task of digital as well as analog computer. It exhibits features of both analog and digital computer. In hybrid computer, the digital segments perform process control by conversion of analog signals to digital one. It helps the user to process both continuous and discrete data. They have the speed of analog computers and the accuracy of digital computers. In the hybrid computer, a converter is fixed to convert the analog signals into digital signals and digital signals into analog signals. Hybrid computers are special purpose machines. These computers are generally used in scientific applications, aeroplanes and industrial control processes. A hybrid computer system offers a much cost effective method that is used to perform complex simulations. Examples: the computer used in hospitals to measure the heartbeat of the patient. Devices used in petrol pump. generally used in scientific applications or in controlling industrial processes. 7/11/2024 Dr. De-Graft Johnson Dei - [email protected] - Slide 9 0243775571 -  TYPES OF COMPUTERS: Based on the purpose General Purpose Computers This is the computer designed to solve a wide variety of problems from different fields. The hardware and software of such systems are adaptable for different environments. Examples: Most of the computers used in our normal day to day work are general purpose computers. Personal computer. 7/11/2024 Dr. De-Graft Johnson Dei - [email protected] - Slide 10 0243775571 -  Special Purpose Computers This is the computer designed for a particular type of application only. It is defined as a stored program digital computer, whose architecture is oriented towards one or more applications. Examples: Computer meant for process control in an industry. Computer meant for air traffic control. Computer used in robots. Computer used for desktop publishing, etc. 7/11/2024 Dr. De-Graft Johnson Dei - [email protected] - Slide 11 0243775571 -  Types of Computers Based on functionalities In terms of functionalities, there are four different types of computers: Super Computers Mainframe Computer Mini Computer Micro Computer 7/11/2024 Dr. De-Graft Johnson Dei - [email protected] - 0243775571 Slide 12 -  Supercomputers A supercomputer is the fastest type of computer. They are very expensive and are employed for specialized applications that require large amounts of mathematical calculations. Supercomputers are used for highly calculation-intensive tasks such as weather forecasting, climate research, molecular modeling (computing the structures and properties of chemical compounds, biological macromolecules, polymers, and crystals), physical simulations (such as simulation of airplanes in wind tunnels, simulation of the detonation of nuclear weapons, and research into nuclear fusion), Some supercomputers have also been designed for very specific functions like cracking codes and playing chess; 7/11/2024 Dr. De-Graft Johnson Dei - [email protected] - Slide 13 0243775571 -  Supercomputers 7/11/2024 Dr. De-Graft Johnson Dei - [email protected] - Slide 14 0243775571 -  Mainframe computers aka "big iron") They are computers used primarily by corporate and governmental organizations for critical applications, bulk data processing such as census, industry and consumer statistics, public utility office, enterprise resource planning and transaction processing. They have larger storage and the speed of processing is also very high. Modern mainframes can run multiple different instances of operating systems at the same time. They offer features such as parallel processing. The parallel processing involves combining a large number of processors that break down an application into many sepa- rate parts in order to enhance processing speed. The speed of processing is expressed in terms of 10 to 100 millions of instructions per second (MIPS), and cost somewhere between 1 to 5 million dollars depending upon the configuration. IBM still holds almost 80 per cent of mainframe market with its popular mainframe series IBM System Dr.390. 7/11/2024 De-Graft Johnson Dei - [email protected] - Slide 15 0243775571 -  Mainframe computers 7/11/2024 Dr. De-Graft Johnson Dei - [email protected] - Slide 16 0243775571 -  Minicomputers Mini computers are very popular among medium sized companies. Mini computers offer facilities for faster processing of voluminous information. Mini computers, of course, are bigger than microcomputers but smaller than most of their elders called mainframes. Minis were designed for control, instrumentation, human interaction, and communication switching as distinct from calculation and record keeping. They support a large number of terminals where two to hundred people can work at the same time on one computer. They have also been used extensively as gateways between mainframe networks and as main servers for LAN, MAN & WAN. Some examples of minicomputer is the PDP-8 etc… 7/11/2024 Dr. De-Graft Johnson Dei - [email protected] - 0243775571 Slide 17 -  Minicomputers 7/11/2024 Dr. De-Graft Johnson Dei - [email protected] - Slide 18 0243775571 -  Microcomputers (personal computers) The smallest and low-cost among them are micro computers. It has a microprocessor on a single chip which is its Central processing unit. It also has other units like input-output device memory units etc… They are small in physical size (most of them are desktop system; however, notebook micro computers that can fit into a briefcase are also available). They are economical in terms of costs and are friendly in use. Personal computers (PCs) fall into this category. They can be used for small data processing jobs of bigger companies or serve as complete computer systems for small firms. PC can also be connected with bigger computers and be used as an intelligent terminal to a bigger computer. The details regarding their applications in business are included in the last section of this book. 7/11/2024 Dr. De-Graft Johnson Dei - [email protected] - Slide 19 0243775571 -  Microcomputers (personal computers) Microcomputers are designed to serve only one user at a time, although they can often be modified with software or hardware to concurrently serve more than one user. These computers include: Desktop computers In-car computers (“carputers”) Laptops, notebook computers and Palmtop computers Tablet computer Smartphones, smartbooks and PDAs (personal digital assistants) Programmable calculator 7/11/2024 Dr. De-Graft Johnson Dei - [email protected] - Slide 20 0243775571 -  PART 2 COMPONENTS OF COMPUTERS 7/11/2024 Dr. De-Graft Johnson Dei - [email protected] - Slide 21 0243775571 -  Components of the Computer System The basic elements or constituents of a computer system Many scholars have tried to identify different components Whiles some scholars discuss the components in relation to the location of the elements, others discuss it in relation to the functions or role of the component Others also focus on the tangibility of the components 7/11/2024 Dr. De-Graft Johnson Dei - [email protected] - 0243775571 22 -  Components of the Computer System In terms of location  In terms of functions or role Internal or  Hardware External  Software  Peopleware In terms of tangibility  Procedure/Process Hardware  Dataware Software  Networking / Connectivity 7/11/2024 Dr. De-Graft Johnson Dei - [email protected] - 0243775571 - 23  Components of the Computer System 7/11/2024 Dr. De-Graft Johnson Dei - [email protected] - 24 0243775571 -  Peopleware 7/11/2024 Dr. De-Graft Johnson Dei - [email protected] - 0243775571 - 25  Peopleware - (Humanware/Liveware The people interacting with the computer system are also an element of it. It describe human involvement in the development of computer technology They are the ultimate “users” of the computer systems. It refer to anything that has to do with the role of people in the development or use of computer software and hardware systems. 7/11/2024 Dr. De-Graft Johnson Dei - [email protected] - 0243775571 - 26  Peopleware - (Humanware/Liveware They include Programmers: Professionals who write the computer programs that allow users to interact with the computer. They must have technical knowledge of computers and computer languages. System Analyst: They mainly design data processing systems, and solve problems that arise in data processing Systems administrators Webtech specialists Hardware expects End-Users: Also known as operators, they are the people who interact with the computer system. 7/11/2024 Dr. De-Graft Johnson Dei - [email protected] - 0243775571 - 27  Software Computer software is a set of programs, procedures, functions, associated data and/or its documentation, if any. It mean a collection of instructions that enable a user to interact with the computer or have the computer perform general or specific tasks for them. 7/11/2024 Dr. De-Graft Johnson Dei - [email protected] - 0243775571 - 28  Types of Software Systems software Application software 7/11/2024 Dr. De-Graft Johnson Dei - [email protected] - 0243775571 - 29  Application software a computer program that provides users with tools to accomplish a specific task. Examples of application software: word processing, spreadsheets, presentation, database management, Internet browsers, email programs, media players, accounting, pronunciation, translation, desktop publishing, enterprise, etc. 7/11/2024 Dr. De-Graft Johnson Dei - [email protected] - 0243775571 - 30  Systems software it is designed to run a computer’s hardware and application software, and make the computer system available for use. includes the programs that are dedicated to managing the computer itself, such as the operating system, file management utilities, and disk operating system (or DOS). It serves as the interface between hardware, application software, and the user. The operating system manages the computer hardware resources in addition to applications and data. Without systems software installed in our computers we would have to type the instructions for everything we wanted the computer to do! 7/11/2024 Dr. De-Graft Johnson Dei - [email protected] - 0243775571 - 31  Systems software Main functions of system software allocating system resources, managing storage space, storing and retrieval of files, providing security, etc. Main types of systems software – operating system, device driver, utility software, programming software, etc. 7/11/2024 Dr. De-Graft Johnson Dei - [email protected] - 0243775571 - Slide 32  Systems software Operating System a software that controls and coordinates the hardware devices and runs other software and applications on a computer. It is the main part of system software and a computer will not function without it. Main functions of an operating system booting the computer, managing system resources (CPU, memory, storage devices, printer, etc.), managing files, handling input and output, executing and providing services for application software, etc. Examples of operating system: Microsoft Windows, Apple iOS, Android OS, macOS, Linux, etc 7/11/2024 Dr. De-Graft Johnson Dei - [email protected] - 0243775571 - Slide 33  Systems software Device Drivers a software program that is designed to control a particular hardware device that is attached to a computer. The main purpose of device driver it acts as a translator between the hardware device and operating systems or applications that use it. It instructs computer on how to communicate with the device by translating the operating system’s instructions into a language that a device can understand in order to perform the necessary task. Examples of device driver: printer driver, display driver, USB driver, sound card driver, motherboard driver, ROM driver, etc. 7/11/2024 Dr. De-Graft Johnson Dei - [email protected] - 0243775571 - Slide 34  Systems software Utility Software a type of system software that helps set up, analyze, configure, strengthen, maintain a computer and performs a very specific task (e.g. antivirus software, backup software, memory tester, screen saver, etc.). 7/11/2024 Dr. De-Graft Johnson Dei - [email protected] - 0243775571 - Slide 35  Networking / Connectivity Connectivity is a word used to describe how well hardware or software devices can communicate with a range of other devices. This is when the computers are linked to a network. It facilitates sharing of information, files, and other facilities. 7/11/2024 Dr. De-Graft Johnson Dei - [email protected] - 0243775571 - 36  Networking / Connectivity For example, a computer mouse that may be used to interact with desktop computers, laptops, smartphones, and tablets would be described as having good connectivity. Computers can connect to a network via LAN cables, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, satellites etc. The internet is the most obvious example of connectivity in a computer system. 7/11/2024 Dr. De-Graft Johnson Dei - [email protected] - 0243775571 - 37  Types of Network There are many different types of network, which can be used for different purposes and by different types of people and organization. Here are some of the network types that you might come across: Local Area Networks (LAN) Personal Area Networks (PAN) Home Area Networks (HAN) Wide Area Networks (WAN) Campus Area Networks (CAN) Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN) Internetworks 7/11/2024 Dr. De-Graft Johnson Dei - [email protected] - 0243775571 - 38  Hardware It is the collection of physical parts of a Computer system that has shape and size and can be feel Hardware is the most visible part of any computer system: The hardware components does change in shape and size as in a desktop computer the CPU integrates all the components that are connected by wires but in laptop computers the components are integrated into a single portable unit. 7/11/2024 Dr. De-Graft Johnson Dei - [email protected] - 0243775571 - 39  Hardware Basically the hardware components in a Computer system are connected through wires in order to function properly. From power supply to network connection all are connected through wires.. 7/11/2024 Dr. De-Graft Johnson Dei - [email protected] - 0243775571 - 40 Categories/components of Hardware 1. Input 2. Process 3. Output Devices 4. Storage 5. Internal 6. External 7/11/2024 Dr. De-Graft Johnson Dei - [email protected] - 0243775571 - Slide 41  DATA/ INFORMATION 7/11/2024 Dr. De-Graft Dr. De-Graft Johnson Dei - [email protected] Johnson Dei - 0243775571 - - [email protected] - 0243775571 - 42  What is Data? Data is the building block of information and Features: Data is knowledge – basic, It serves as the resource from which information is generated – unrefined, Data are raw facts and figures that on their – generally unfiltered own have no meaning. – Not organised These can be any alphanumeric characters i.e. text, numbers, symbols. – Meaningless For example: 12A4GH7; 17, 25, Dr. De-Graft Johnson Dei Slide 43  Information Collection of facts Information goes through several processes: organized in such a way Contextualisation: that they have additional by explaining the purpose of the data value beyond the value of Categorisation: the facts themselves by defining data into units of analysis or key Data that has been components processed/classiffied/ Calculating: arranged/organised/ by analysing the data using mathematics or manipulated within a statistics context/form to give it Correction: meaning by removing errors from data Useful; meaningful, Condensation: organised, data by summarising data to form Slide a concise message 44 7/11/2024 Dr. De-Graft Johnson Dei - [email protected] - 0243775571 -