Lecture-2-Mineralogy.pdf

History of Mineralogy Mineralogy Lecture 1 H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 History of Mineralogy Stone Age – the practice of mineralogical arts was started by early humans. They made use of flint tools, as shown evidently by cave paintings. Red hematite and black manganese oxides were used as pigmen...

History of Mineralogy Mineralogy Lecture 1 H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 History of Mineralogy Stone Age – the practice of mineralogical arts was started by early humans. They made use of flint tools, as shown evidently by cave paintings. Red hematite and black manganese oxides were used as pigments. Bronze Age – other minerals were sought from which metals could be extracted. 327-287 BC – Theophrastus, a Greek philosopher had made the first written work on minerals and to Pliny, who recorded 400 years later the mineralogical thought of his time H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 History of Mineralogy 1556 – publication of De Re Metallica by the German physician, Georgius Agricola was made. Gives account on mining practices and first factual account of mineral. The book was translated into English from the Latin in 1912 by former Pres. of the United States, Herbert Hoover, and his wife, Lou Henry Hoover. 1669 – contribution was made to crystallography by Nicholas Steno through his study of the quartz crystal. He noted that despite their differences in origin, size, or habit, the angles between corresponding faces are constant. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 History of Mineralogy 1780 – Carangeot invented a device called contact goniometer for the measurement of interfacial crystal angles 1783 – Rome de I’Lsle made an angular measurement on crystals confirming Steno’s work. Law of the Consistency of Interfacial Angle was formulated 1784 – Rene J. Hauy showed that crystals were built by tiny identical building blocks, which he called integral molecules. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 History of Mineralogy 1801 – Hauy developed the Theory of Rational Indences for Crystal Faces 19th Century – rapid advances were made 1809 – Wollaston invented the reflecting ganiometer which permitted highly accurate or precise measurements of the positions of crystal faces H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 History of Mineralogy 1912 – Max Von Laue of the University of Munich suggested Friedrich and Knipping to perform an experiment and demonstrate that crystals could diffract X-rays. X-ray diffraction became a powerful method in the study of minerals. 1913 – W.H. Bragg and W.L. Bragg published the earliest crystal structure determinations 1960 – Electron microprobe helped in the study of chemistry of minerals and is now routinely used for the study of minerals, synthetic compounds, and glasses. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 History of Mineralogy Between 1779-1848 – Berzelius, a Swedish chemist and his students studied the chemistry of minerals and developed the principles of our present chemical classification of minerals. 1815 – Cordier, a French naturalist initiated the immersion method which developed into an important technique for the study of optical properties of mineral fragments. A mineral Cordierite was named after him. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 History of Mineralogy 1828 – William Nicol, a Scotsman, invented a polarizing device that permitted the systematic study of the behavior of light in crystalline substances. The device is known today as the polarizing microscope. Latter part of 19th Century – Federov, Schoenflies, and Barlov developed theories for the internal symmetry and order within crystals which became the foundation of X-ray crystallography. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Mineral Property, Crystallography, and Crystal Chemistry H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Mineral Property, Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry What is MINERAL? In economics……… - any valuable material extracted from the earth, including coal, oil, sand and gravel, iron ore, or other mined commodity, even groundwater. In Nutritionist’s mind……… - any of a variety of chemical compounds or element that are important for health In common usage……… - anything that is neither animal nor vegetable might be considered as mineral H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Mineral Property, Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry What is MINERAL? In geology ……. 1. it must be naturally occurring 2. Crystalline Solid 3. Has definite chemical composition 4. Has ordered internal structure 5. Inorganically formed All of these categories must be met to be considered as mineral. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Mineral Property, Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry What is MINERAL? o Naturally occurring - formed by a natural process - synthetic products or those produced in the laboratory are not considered minerals Synthetic Mineral example: synthetic ruby is not a mineral o Homogenous solid - consists of a single solid substance that cannot be physically subdivided into simpler chemical compounds - excludes gases and liquids - ex. Ice in glacier is a mineral but water is not. o Definite chemical composition - means that atoms, or groups of atoms must occur in specific ratios. For ionic crystals (i.e. most minerals) ratios of cations to anions will be constrained by charged balance, however, atoms of similar charge and ionic radius may substitute freely for one another, hence definite, but not fixed. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Mineral Property, Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry What is MINERAL? Not fixed. Ex. Dolomite Ca Mg (CO3)2 is not always pure. It may contain Fe and Mn in place of Mg, therefore chemical formula becomes Ca (Mg,Fe,Mn)(CO3)2. • Ordered atomic arrangement - means crystalline, with three-dimensional periodic arrays of precise geometric arrangement of atoms. -example: both quartz and glass are composed of element (Si) silicon and (O) oxygen. The former has a specific arrangement while the latter have random arrangement. Glass lacks consistent atomic order and therefore considered as noncrystalline or Amorphous. • Formed by inorganic process - excludes the organically produced compounds - ex. Calcium carbonate in shells, pearl, petroleum and coal - inorganic means pertaining or relating to compound that contains no carbon. Biominerals H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Mineral Property, Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry Definition of terms Crystal – a homogenous solid possessing longrange, three dimensional, internal order. Rock – is an aggregate of minerals. It can be composed of only one kind of mineral (monomineralic) or of different kinds of minerals (polymineralic). Ore Minerals – those minerals from which one or more metals may be extracted at a profit. Industrial Minerals – those minerals which are, themselves, used for one or more industrial purposes such as in the manufacture of electrical and thermal insulators, refractories, ceramics, glass, abrasives, fertilizers, fluxes, cement, and other building materials. Gems – those minerals which have ornamental value, and which possess the qualities of beauty, durability, rarity, fashionability and portability. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Mineral Property, Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry Mineraloids - are mineral-like materials that lacks a long range crystalline structure. - examples are Amorphous minerals such as opal, obsidian, volcanic glass, pseudotachylite, impactites, fulgurite, tektites. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Mineral Property, Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry Mineral variety - A mineral species may have more than one variety which are distinguished by difference in colour, habit (shape), or other properties. Examples 1. Gypsum Selenite, Alabaster, Satin Spar Crystalline Variety 2. Corundum Ruby Red Corundum H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Massive Variety Sapphire Fibrous Variety Mineral Property, Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry Mineral Series - two or more minerals among which there is a range of chemical compositions. Example : Plagioclase mineral series Albite (NaAlSi3O8) H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Oligoclase Anorthite (CaAl2Si2O8) ---Andesine—Labradorite---Bytownite Mineral Property, Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry Mineral Group - A set of minerals with the same basic structure but different composition. Examples: Calcite group (XCO3) Calcite (CaCO3) Magnesite (MgCO3) Rhodochrosite (MnCO3) H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Siderite (FeCO3) Mineral Property, Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry CRYSTAL SYSTEM H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Mineral Property, Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry CRYSTAL SYSTEM H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Mineral Property, Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry CRYSTAL SYSTEM : ISOMETRIC 1. Hexahedron or cube - Halite - Galena - Fluorite 2. Octahedron - Gold -Spinel - Magnetite 3. Dodecahedron - Garnet H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Mineral Property, Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry CRYSTAL SYSTEM : ISOMETRIC 4. Trapezohedron - Leucite - Analcite (Analcime) - Garnet 5. Pyritohedron -Pyrite 6. Tetrahedron - Tetrahedrite - Sphalerite H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Mineral Property, Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry CRYSTAL SYSTEM : TETRAGONAL 1. Double pyramid - Anatase - Scheelite 2. Tabular - Apophyllite 3. Prism and Pyramid - Rutile - Scapolite - Cassiterite - Zircon H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Mineral Property, Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry CRYSTAL SYSTEM : TETRAGONAL 4. Disphenoids (Pseudo-tetrahedron) - Chalcopyrite CRYSTAL SYSTEM : HEXAGONAL 1. Hexagonal prism - Beryl 2. Six-sided prism column - Apatite H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Mineral Property, Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry CRYSTAL SYSTEM : HEXAGONAL 3. Tabular - Pyrrhotite 4. Rhombohedron - Calcite - Siderite -Dolomite 5. Hexagonal Prism and Rhombohedron - Quartz 6. Trigonal Prism - Tourmaline H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Mineral Property, Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry CRYSTAL SYSTEM : ORTHORHOMBIC 1. Elongated Rectangular Prism - Columbite 2. Tabular (Rhombic) - Barite - Andalusite 3. Rhombic Columns - Topaz - Natrolite 4. Tabular (Six-sided) - Marcasite 5. Tabular (Eight-sided) - Olivine H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Mineral Property, Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry CRYSTAL SYSTEM : MONOCLINIC 1. Columns or Prismatic - Hornblende - Epidote 2. Double-wedge shape - Sphene 3. Tabular - Gypsum - Spodumene 4. Tabular (Six-Sided) - Mica 5. Pseudo-Hexagonal - Chlorite H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Mineral Property, Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry CRYSTAL SYSTEM : TRICLINIC 1. Tabular - Rhodonite - Axinite - Feldspars H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Mineral Property, Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry HABIT OR “STRUCTURE” The common external morphology that a mineral assumes during an unobstructed growth whether in isolated or aggregates of crystals H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Mineral Property, Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry HABIT OR “STRUCTURE” FOR ISOLATED AND DISTINC CRYSTALS 1. Acicular – fine, slender, needle-like crystals 2. Banded – exhibiting narrow bands of different colors as textures Common in Carbonates H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Mineral Property, Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry HABIT OR “STRUCTURE” FOR ISOLATED AND DISTINC CRYSTALS 3. Capillary – forming very thin threads which resemble hair Common in Carbonates 4. Columnar – stout, column-like individuals Tourmaline H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Common in Silicates Mineral Property, Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry HABIT OR “STRUCTURE” FOR ISOLATED AND DISTINC CRYSTALS 5. Filiform – forming long and thin little columns which resemble wire 6. Prismatic – somewhat elongated crystals with well developed prism faces H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Mineral Property, Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry HABIT OR “STRUCTURE” FOR ISOLATED AND DISTINC CRYSTALS 7. Tabular – crystals somewhat flattened in one direction H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Mineral Property, Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry HABIT OR “STRUCTURE” MINERAL AGGREGATES 1. Botryoidal – rounded masses somewhat resembling bunches of grapes Common in Hematite and Malchite 2. Concentric – plates approximately parallel about a common center Common in Malchite H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Mineral Property, Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry HABIT OR “STRUCTURE” MINERAL AGGREGATES 3. Dendritic – separate from a thicker stem into several more slender ones, similar to branches which divide into Common in Manganese Oxides smaller sheets 4. Divergent or Radiated – crystal groups radiating from a center Common in Azurite and Malachite H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Mineral Property, Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry HABIT OR “STRUCTURE” MINERAL AGGREGATES 5. Drusy – surface covered with a layer of small crystals Common in Quartz 6. Fibrous – groups of parallel slender thread-like strands; need not be easily separable Common in Chlorite H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Mineral Property, Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry HABIT OR “STRUCTURE” MINERAL AGGREGATES 7. Foliated – Separate easily into plates or leaves 8. Geode – cavity line with small crystals H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Mineral Property, Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry HABIT OR “STRUCTURE” MINERAL AGGREGATES 9. Globular – radiating individuals forming small spherical or hemispherical groups 10. Granular – aggregates of large or small grains Common in Minerals formed from crystal settling H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Mineral Property, Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry HABIT OR “STRUCTURE” MINERAL AGGREGATES 11. Mammillary – rounded masses similar to the botryoidal form but the protuberances are more flattened 12. Massive – Compact crystalline aggregates with no regular forms H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Mineral Property, Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry HABIT OR “STRUCTURE” MINERAL AGGREGATES 13. Micaceous – splitting readily into exceedingly thin plates or sheets 14. Oolitic – aggregate of small sphere the size of fish roe 15. Pisolitic – small globular aggregates about the size of peas or in round concretionary grains Common in Bauxite H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Mineral Property, Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry HABIT OR “STRUCTURE” MINERAL AGGREGATES 16. Reniform – rounded grapelike or kidney-shaped masses 17. Reticulated – lattice-like or network arrangement of slender columnar or threads 18. Saccharoidal – grains having the size of granulated sugar grains H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Mineral Property, Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry HABIT OR “STRUCTURE” MINERAL AGGREGATES 19. Stalactitic – resembling pendant cylinders or cones 20. Stellated – radiating individuals forming star-like or circular groups H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Mineral Property, Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry LUSTER Property of a mineral surface which results from the manner it reflects the incident light H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Mineral Property, Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry LUSTER Intensity of reflected light 1. Splendent – dazzling luster recognizable even at a considerable distance connected with smooth and generally even surface 2. Shining – distinctly observed only on closer observation and is generally related to an uneven sample H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Mineral Property, Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry LUSTER Intensity of reflected light 3. Weakly shining – feebly appearing luster even within a short distance 4. Glimmering – when only a feeble light is reflected by some of the minute aggregated parts constituting the surface 5. Dull – surface does not reflect any light H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Mineral Property, Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry LUSTER 1. 2. A. B. C. Comparison on likeness to common objects Metallic luster – bright reflectance of a metallic surface Nonmetallic luster – duller reflectance observed when most of the light passes into the mineral and only a small portion of the incident light is reflected from the surface Vitreous or glassy luster – piece of broken glass Adamantine or the luster of diamond – brilliant, almost oily Resinuous or waxy – luster of a piece of resin, greasy luster H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Mineral Property, Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry LUSTER Comparison on likeness to common objects D. Pearly or the luster of mother of pearl – common when a mineral has a very perfect cleavage and hence partially separated into thin plates E. Silky, the luster of a skin of silk or a piece of satin – characteristic of some minerals in fibrous aggregates F. Splendent G. Dull H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Mineral Property, Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry DIAPHANEITY Relative ability of minerals to allow light to pass through them a. Transparent – when all objects may be distinctly recognized through a large or small pieces of it. b. Semitransparent – when a blurred image of the object can be seen through a thin small piece of it. c. Translucent – where no object can be perceived through it but light is transmitted only through the edges of a large piece or through a small piece. - If the mineral shines through the extremities or edges when held against the light, it is said to be translucent at the edge. d. Opaque – when no perceptible degree of light is transmitted even through the thinnest piece. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Mineral Property, Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry DIAPHANEITY Refractive Index – ratio of velocity of light in air and its lesser velocity in the dense medium When light passes form one medium into another of greater refractive index, it is reflected, that is bent toward the normal, to the surface. The greater the bending, the higher the refractive index  Isotropic – includes non-crystalline substances such as gases, liquids and glass; also includes isometric crystals - light moves in all directions with equal velocity and thus each isotropic substance has a single refractive index.  Anisotropic – All crystals except those of the isometric system - velocity of light varies with the crystallographic direction and except for special orientations. Two refractive indices can be measured in any crystal section H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Mineral Property, Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry DIAPHANEITY  Plane polarized – wave motion is constrained to vibrate in a single plane  Double refraction – light passing through an anisotropic crystal in all but a few special directions, is resolved into two polarized rays vibrating at right angles to each other H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Mineral Property, Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry COLOR The effect produced by the combination of wavelengths of light incident on the surface of the mineral reaching the observer’s eyes LABRADORESCENCE (SCHILLER EFFECT) a play of colors or colored reflections exhibited especially by labradorite and caused by internal structures that selectively reflect only certain colors H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Mineral Property, Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry ADULARESCENCE COLOR An optical phenomenon that defines the gem known as "moonstone." Adularescence is a soft glow of light that floats just under the surface of a polished gemstone or under the smooth surface of a gem material. This floating glow of light will move within the stone as the angle of incident light is changed, as the position of the observer's eye is moved, or as the stone is moved under the light. Adularescence is observed in some semi-translucent to transparent feldspar minerals and is caused by light entering the material and reflecting from molecular interfaces within the stone. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Mineral Property, Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry COLOR  Photochromism / Tenebrescence - Unique optical property on certain minerals where they change color upon exposure to sunlight and ultraviolet light. The best example of tenebrescence is is exhibited in the mineral Hackmanite, where its color will be deeper after exposure to ultraviolet light and then eventually fade. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Mineral Property, Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry COLOR  Chromophores – transition elements - V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu  Play of colors – exhibits internally the various prismatic colors when the mineral is turned  Pleochroism – appearance of different colors when an crystal is viewed in transmitted light in different directions  Dichroism – two directions have distinct colors  Opalescene – pearly reflection from the interior of a mineral, like the effect of a glass of water to which a few drops of milk have been added  Iridescence – shows a series of colors due to light undergoing reflective interferences with itself either on the surface or in the interior.  Chatoyancy – band of light moves from side to side as in a cat’s eye ex. Fibrous gypsum and tigers eyes quartz  Asterism – six-pointed star, formed by a beam of light at right angles to each set of inclusions H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Mineral Property, Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry COLOR  Fluorescence – on exposure to ultraviolet light, a mineral emits visible light  Phosphorescence - some fluorescent minerals will continue to glow after the ultraviolet light has been turned off  Thermoluminescence – some minerals when heated below red heat will emit visible light  Triboluminescence – some minerals when rubbed or struck with a hammer will emit light ex. Milky quartz rubbed against each other H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Mineral Property, Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry STREAK Color of the powder of the mineral H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Mineral Property, Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry CLEAVAGE A marked tendency to break or split easily in certain well-defined directions yielding more or less smooth surfaces which are parallel to the crystal faces or possible crystal system Crystal surface should also be categorized as well or poorly developed depending on the ease and neatness on the way cleavage planes cleave or separate. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Mineral Property, Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry CLEAVAGE H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Mineral Property, Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry PARTING A plane of structural weakness in a mineral. Difference from cleavage: 1. It cannot be found in every specimen. 2. Not absolutely repeatable/reproducible. 3. Caused by pressures. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Mineral Property, Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry FRACTURE The appearance of the surface of a mineral when it does not break along cleavage planes A. Scaly – if the surface is not interrupted by many noticeable protuberances but with few small scales B. Even – if the surface has no protuberances or very few indeterminate and mostly flat ones C. Conchoidal – if the surface consists of flat rounded protuberances accompanied by circular grooves as in clam shells. D. Uneven (also angular or irregular) – if the surface is entirely interrupted by angular large and small protuberances E. Hackly – if surface is jagged and with sharp edge F. Fibrous – if certain larger parts resembling fibers can be distinguished on the surface as in wood G. Foliated – if surface is made up of parts resembling planes with length and breadth nearly equal (folia) H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Mineral Property, Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry HARDNESS resistance that the surface of a mineral offers to scratching H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Mineral Property, Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry HARDNESS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Has a soft, greasy feel like talc and graphite, and flakes of it will be left on the fingers Can be scratched easily by the fingernail Can be cut easily by a knife and just scratched by a copper coin but is not scratched by a fingernail Scratched by a knife without difficulty but is not so easily cut as calcite Scratched with a knife with difficulty Not scratched by a knife but is scratched with a file and will scratch ordinary glass Scratches glass easily but is scratched by topaz and a few other minerals H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Mineral Property, Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry SPECIFIC GRAVITY A number which expresses the ratio between the weight of the mineral and the weight of an equal volume of water at 4 degrees Celsius Density = mass / volume In the laboratory it can be measured using 1. Jolly or beam balance 2. Pycnometer 3. Immersing in heavy liquids In the field - approximated by hefting - dense or light H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Mineral Property, Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry TWINNING crystallography controlled intergrowths of 2 or more crystals of the same mineral Twin Law – whether there is a center, a plane, or an axis of twinning and gives the crystallographic orientation for the twin axis or plane Twin Axis – an imaginary axis about which the crystals can be rotated to bring into coincidence with the other. Twin Center – is a point about which the crystal may be inverted to bring into coincidence with the other. Twin plane – is a mirror plane reflecting the image of one crystal across it. Composition Surface – a surface or plane on which the two individuals are united H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Mineral Property, Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry Effervescence Fizzling sound heard, combined with bubbling seen where a carbonate mineral reacts with an acid. Tenacity 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Malleability – can be flattened Ductility – can be changed in shape by pressure; capable of being drawn into the form of a wire Sectility – can be cut by a knife Brittleness – separates into fragments Elasticity – capable of being bent or pulled out of shape Flexibility – bend easily and stays bent after the pressured is removed H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Mineral Property, Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry MAGNETISM a. b. c. 1. 2. 3. property of a mineral to be attracted to a hand magnet Ferromagnetic – strongly attracted Paramagnetic – slightly attracted Diamagnetic – not attracted Diamagnetic – mineral that lack the presence of a transition metal or other magnetic ions Paramagnetic – magnetic ions in a mineral have a completely random orientation Antiferromagnetism – natural tendency for pairs of magnetic ions to align in opposite directions so that there is spin paring between adjacent magnetic ions H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Mineral Property, Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry MAGNETISM 4. Ferrimagnetism – there is an excess of magnetic ions aligned in one particular direction. - magnetite - also found in pyrrhotite and maghemite Lodestone – magnetite - magnet; have north and south poles H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Mineral Property, Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry Piezoelectricity if pressure was exerted along an axis of quartz, a positive electrical charge is set up at one end of the axis and a negative charge at the other end - Piere and Jacques Curie Pyroelectricity induced by heating crystals lacking a symmetric center. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Mineral Property, Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry Taste a. Saline – taste of common salt b. Alkaline - soda c. Bitter – Epsom Salt d. Sour – Acid e. Astringent – Iron Vitriol f. Sweetish Astringent – Alum g. Cooling – Saltpeter Odor a. Fetid odor or odor of rotten eggs – due to the presence of surface ex. Some varieties of limestone, barite, quartz a. Argillaceous odor b. Bituminous odor c. Garlic odor - Arsenopyrite H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Mineral Property, Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry CHEMISTRY THE ATOM • Nucleus  contains most of the weight (mass) of the atom  composed of positively charge particles (protons) and neutrally charged particles (neutrons) • Electron Shell  insignificant mass  occupies space around the nucleus defining atomic radius  controls chemical bonding behavior of atoms H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Mineral Property, Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry CHEMISTRY ELEMENT AND ISOTOPES  Elements are defined by the number of protons in the nucleus (atomic number).  In a stable element (non-ionized), the number of electrons is equal to the number of protons.  Isotopes of a particular element are defined by the total number of neutrons in addition to the number of protons in the nucleus (isotopic number).  Various elements can have multiple (2-38) stable isotopes, some of which are unstable (radioactive)  Isotopes of a particular element have the same chemical properties, but different masses. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Mineral Property, Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry CHEMISTRY ELEMENT AND ISOTOPES H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Mineral Property, Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry CHEMISTRY ELEMENT AND ISOTOPES H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Mineral Property, Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry CHEMISTRY ELEMENT AND ISOTOPES H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Mineral Property, Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry CHEMISTRY Ions, Ionization Potential, and Valence States  Cations – elements prone to give up one or more electrons from their outer shells; typically a metal element  Anions – elements prone to accept one or more electrons to their outer shells; always a non-metal element  Ionization Potential – measure of the energy necessary to strip an element of its outermost electron  Electronegativity – measure strength with which a nucleus attracts electrons to its outer shell  Valence State(or oxidation state) – the common ionic configuration(s) of a particular element determined by how many electrons are typically stripped or added to an ion H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Mineral Property, Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry CHEMICAL BONDING 1. IONIC BOND – A chemical bond formed by the electrostatic attraction between + and – ions. Ex. Halide (NaCl) I. Common between elements that will... Easily exchange electrons so as to stabilize their outer shells (i.e. become more inert gas-like) II. Create an electronically neutral bond between cations and anions. I. Properties of minerals with Ionic Bond Results in minerals displaying moderate degrees of hardness and specific gravity, moderately high melting points, high degrees of symmetry, and are poor conductors of heat (due to ionic stability)   I. Strength of ionic bonds are related: 1) the spacing between ions 2) the charge of the ions H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Mineral Property, Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry CHEMICAL BONDING 2. COVALENT BOND – a bond formed from the sharing of electrons between atoms. Strongest Bond Ex. Diamond (C)  produces minerals that are insoluble, high melting points, hard, nonconductive (due to localization of electrons), have low symmetry (due to directional bonding).  common among elements with high numbers of vacancies in the outer shell (e.g. C, Si, Al, S) H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Mineral Property, Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry CHEMICAL BONDING 3. METALLIC BOND – can be considered to be a type of covalent bonding which the valence electron are delocalized and are free to move from atom to atom throughout the crystal structure. Ex. Native Gold (Au)  Atomic nuclei and inner filled electron shells in a “sea” of electrons made up of unbound valence electrons  Yields minerals with minerals that are soft, ductile/malleable, highly conductive (due to easily mobile electrons).  Non-directional bonding produces high symmetry H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Mineral Property, Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry CHEMICAL BONDING 4. VAN DER WAALS - forces include attraction and repulsions between atoms, molecules, and surfaces, as well as other intermolecular forces.  Created by weak bonding of oppositely dipolarized electron clouds  Commonly occurs around covalently bonded elements  Produces solids that are soft, very poor conductors, have low melting points, low symmetry crystals H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Mineral Property, Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry CHEMICAL BONDING 5. HYDROGEN BONDING - a weak bond between two molecules resulting from an electrostatic attraction between a proton in one molecule and an electronegative atom in the other.  Weaker than ionic or covalent; stronger than van der Waals H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Mineral Property, Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry CHEMICAL BONDING Multiple Bonding in Mineral • Graphite –covalently bonded sheets of C loosely bound by van der Waals bonds. • Mica –strongly bonded silica tetrahedra sheets (mixed covalent and ionic) bound by weak ionic and hydrogen bonds • Cleavage planes commonly correlate to planes of weak ionic bonding in an otherwise tightly bound atomic structure H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Mineral Property, Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry ISOMORPHISM VS POLYMORPHYSIM ISOMORPHISM – (isostructure) Two or more minerals whose atoms are arranged in same type of crystal structure. Example: Halide and NaCl Isometric Galena PbS Isometric POLYMORPHISM – Minerals that have different crystal structures but have the same chemical formula. Example: Calcite CaCO3 Hexagonal H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 and Aragonite CaCO3 Orthorhombic Mineral Property, Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry MINERAL CLASSIFICATION Minerals are classified based on the identity of major anion or anionic group Mineral Group Anion or anionic group Mineral Group Anion or anionic group Native element N/A Carbonates CO3 (-2) Oxides O (-2) Nitrates NO3 (-1) Hydroxides OH (-1) Borates BO3, BO4 (-3) Halides Cl, Br, F (-1) Chromates CrO4 (-2) Sulfides S (-2) Tungstates WO4 (-2) Arsenides As (-3) Molybdates MoO4 (-2) Antimonides Sb(-3) Phosphates PO4 (-3) Selenides Se (-2) Arsenates AsO4 (-3) Tellurides Te (-2) Vanadates VO4 (-3) Sulfates SO4 (-2) Silicates SiO4(-4) Mineral Property, Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry MINERAL STABILITY H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Mineral Property, Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry MINERAL STABILITY H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Mineral Property, Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry BOWEN’S REACTION SERIES H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Mineral Property, Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry MINERAL GROWTH Homogeneous Nucleation – the growth of mineral grain requires that the appropriate atoms and ions find each other and then chemically bond to form what will become the nucleus of a crystal. The nucleus must then grow by progressively adding additional atoms/ions to its surface Heterogeneous Nucleation – new mineral nucleates by taking advantage of the structure of an existing mineral. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Silicates Mineralogy Lecture 3 H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Silicates  The most abundant mineral group in earth’s crust  95% of the minerals were silicates and the remaining belongs to the other groups  It was composed of silicon tetrahedron (SiO4)-4, which is the building blocks of all silicates. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Silicates Type of silicate according to Si:O ratio Nesosilicate/Orthosilicate/ Island Silicates Sorosilicate/Disilicate/Bow-tie Silicate Cyclosilicate/Ring silicate Inosilicate/Chain silicate Single Chain Double Chain Phyllosilicate/Sheet silicate Tectosilicate/Framework silicate H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 1:4 2:7 1:3 1:3 4:11 2:5 1:2 Silicates Type of silicate in relation with Bowen’s reaction series Notes: 1. Structures become more complicated as the temp decreases. 2. More complex structures = more bonds = more viscous the magma will become. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Silicates MAFIC VS. FELSIC MAFIC SILICATE MINERALS (Dark minerals) - are those that contain magnesium and/or iron as major constituent. The term was derived by these minerals – ma from magnesian and f from the latin word for iron, ferrum ex: biotite, pyroxene, olivine, amphibole FELSIC SILICATE MINERALS (Light minerals) - minerals that lacks Mg and Fe as major constituent. ex: Feldspars (where the term was derived), quartz, muscovite, and feldspatoids H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Silicates Nesosilicates (Island Silicates) If the corner oxygens are not shared with other SiO4 (-4) tetrahedrons, each tetrahedron will be isolated. Thus, this group is often referred to as the island silicate group. The basic structural unit is then SiO4 (-4). In this group the oxygens are shared with octahedral groups that contain other cations like Mg+2, Fe+2, or Ca+2. Olivine is a good example: (Mg,Fe)2SiO4. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Silicates Nesosilicates (Island Silicates) Olivine (Mg,Fe)2SiO4 (Orthorhombic) Olivine Series: Forsterite (Mg2SiO4)  Chrysolite (Mg,Fe)2SiO4  Fayalite (Fe2SiO4) Olivinoid – Extra-terrestrial form of olivine Peridot – Transparent green variety of olivine H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Silicates Nesosilicates (Island Silicates) Garnet (Isometric) X2+3Y3+2Si3O12 H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Silicates Nesosilicates (Island Silicates) Garnet (Isometric) X2+3Y3+2Si3O12 Red to Deep-red Brown-red Orange, Brown-red Green Brown, Orange Brown, Brown-red H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Silicates Nesosilicates (Island Silicates) Zircon (ZrSiO4) – Tetragonal Oldest Mineral (4.4Ga) Cyrtolite – Contains trace amount of radiaactive elements Jargon – Colorless, Pale gray, or pale yellow variety Aluminum Silicates Andalusite (Al2SiO5) Orthorhombic - Used for high temp ceramics spark plugs Chiastolite – with cross patterns Viridine – Bright to olive green Sillimanite (Al2SiO5) Orthorhombic Kyanite (Al2SiO5) Triclinic H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Silicates Nesosilicates (Island Silicates) Staurolite Fe2+2Al9O6(SiO4)4(O,OH)2 (Monoclinic) Chloritoids (Monoclinic) Titanite (CaTiSiO5) Monoclinic - Also known as Sphene Topaz (Al2SiO4(F,OH)2) Orthorhombic H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Silicates Sorosilicates (Double Island Silicates) If one of the corner oxygens is shared with another tetrahedron, this gives rise to the sorosilicate group. It is often referred to as the double island group because there are two linked tetrahedrons isolated from all other tetrahedrons. In this case, the basic structural unit is Si2O7 (-6). A good example of a sorosilicate is the mineral hemimorphite - Zn4Si2O7(OH).H2O. Some sorosilicates are a combination of single and double islands, like in epidote Ca2(Fe+3,Al)Al2(SiO4)(Si2O7)(OH). H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Silicates Sorosilicates (Double Island Silicates) Epidote Group: Epidote (Monoclinic) Zoisite (Orthorhombic) Thulite – Pink variety (Mn) Tanzanite – rich-purple gem quality Clinozoisite (Monoclinic) Allanite (Monoclinic) (Ce,Ca,Y,La)2(Al,Fe+3)3(SiO4)(OH) – Source for REE Piemonite (Monoclinic) H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Silicates Sorosilicates (Double Island Silicates) Mellilite Group: Gehlenite (Tetragonal) Akermanite (Tetragonal) Other Sorosilicate: Lawsonite (Orthorhombic) Pumpellyite (Monoclinic) Ca2MgAl2(SiO4)(Si2O7)(OH)2•(H2O) Hemimorphite (Orthorhombic) Vesuvianite (Tetragonal) H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Silicates Cyclosilicates (Ring Silicates) If two of the oxygens are shared and the structure is arranged in a ring, such as that shown here, we get the basic structural unit of the cyclosilcates or ring silicates. Shown here is a six membered ring forming the structural group Si6O18 (-12). Three membered rings, Si3O9 (-6), four membered rings, Si4O12 (-8), and five membered rings Si5O15 (-10) are also possible. A good example of a cyclosilicate is the mineral Beryl Be3Al2Si6O18. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Silicates Cyclosilicates (Ring Silicates) Beryl (Be3Al2(SiO3)6 ) Hexagonal Red Blue Clear Green Emerald Red Beryl Yellow PInk H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Silicates Cyclosilicates (Ring Silicates) Cordierite (Orthorhombic) (Mg,Fe)2Al4Si5018 Tourmaline ((Na,Ca)(Mg,Li,Al,Fe2+)3Al6(BO3)3Si6O18(OH)4 ) Hexagonal H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Silicates Cyclosilicates (Ring Silicates) Dioptase (Hexagonal) CuSiO2(OH2) -Formed in desert regions, secondary mineral in the oxidized zone of copper sulfide mineral deposit. Cu-silicate Sugilite (Hexagonal) KNa2(Fe, Mn, Al)2Li3Si12O30 -Also known as LAVULITE -Mn causes its purple color Benitoite (Hexagonal BaTiSi309 - Minor ore for Ba and Ti H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Silicates Inosilicates (Single Chain Silicates) If two of the oxygens are shared in a way to make long single chains of linked SiO4 tetrahedra, we get the single chain silicates or inosilicates. In this case the basic structural unit is Si2O6 (-4) or SiO3 (2). This group is the basis for the pyroxene group of minerals, like the orthopyroxenes (Mg,Fe) SiO3 or the clinopyroxenes Ca(Mg,Fe)Si2O6. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Silicates Inosilicates (Single Chain Silicates) Pyroxene Group: Orthopyroxene: Enstatite (Orthorhombic) ↔ Ferrosilite (Orthorhombic) Mg2Si2O6 Fe2Si2O6 Hypersthene (Orthorhombic)(Mg,Fe)SiO3 Donpeacorite (Orthorhombic) Mn2+Mg(SiO3)2 Nchwaningite (Orthorhombic) Mn2SiO3(OH)2•(H2O) H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Silicates Inosilicates (Single Chain Silicates) Pyroxene Group: Clinopyroxene: (Monoclinic) Aegirine, NaFe3+Si2O6 Augite, (Ca,Na)(Mg,Fe,Al,Ti)(Si,Al)2O6 Pigeonite, (Ca,Mg,Fe)(Mg,Fe)Si2O6 Diopside, CaMgSi2O6 Hedenbergite, CaFe2+Si2O6 Esseneite, CaFe3+[AlSiO6] Jadeite, Na(Al,Fe3+)Si2O6 Spodumene, LiAl(SiO3)2 Important Ore for Li Among the few silicates that are considered ore minerals H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Silicates Inosilicates (Single Chain Silicates) Pyroxene Group: Clinopyroxene: (Monoclinic) Omphacite (Ca,Na)(Mg,Fe2+,Al)Si2O6 -It is a major mineral component of eclogite H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Silicates Inosilicates (Single Chain Silicates) Pyroxenoids: XnSinO3n Wollastonite (Triclinic) CaSiO3 -used primarily in ceramics, friction products (brakes and clutches), metalmaking, paint filler, and plastics. Rhodonite (Triclinic)(Mn,Fe,Mg, Ca)SiO3 - Minor ore for Mn - Among the few silicates that are considered ore minerals Pectolite (Triclinic) NaCa2Si3O8(OH) H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Silicates Inosilicates (Double Chain Silicates) If two chains are linked together so that each tetrahedral group shares 3 of its oxygens, we can from double chains, with the basic structural group being Si4O11(-6). The amphibole group of minerals are double chain silicates, for example the tremolite - ferroactinolite series - Ca2(Mg,Fe)5Si8O22(OH)2. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Silicates Inosilicates (Double Chain Silicates) Amphibole Group Anthophyllite (Orthorhombic) MgSi8O22(OH)2 Tremolite (Monoclinic) Ca2Mg5Si8O22(OH)2 - Used as an industrial asbestos Actinolite (Monoclinic) Ca2(Mg, Fe2+)5Si8O22(OH)2 - Used as an industrial asbestos H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Silicates SHEET SILICATE / PHYLLOSILICATE If 3 of the oxygens from each tetrahedral group are shared such that an infinite sheet of SiO4 tetrahedra are shared we get the basis for the phyllosilicates or sheet silicates. In this case the basic structural group is Si2O5 (-2). The micas, clay minerals, chlorite, talc, and serpentine minerals are all based on this structure. A good example is biotite K(Mg,Fe)3(AlSi3)O10(OH)2. Note that in this structure, Al is substituting for Si in one of the tetrahedral groups. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Silicates SHEET SILICATE / PHYLLOSILICATE TO Structure Tetrahedral – Octahedral Common mineral for the Octahedral site are Brucite (Mg+2) and Gibbsite (Al+3). Held together with Van der Waals. Serpentine Group (Mg3Si205(OH)4) Lizardite (Triclinic) Antigorite (Monoclinic) Chrysotile (Monoclinic) – White asbestos, 95% of asbestos resource. Fibrous variety. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Silicates SHEET SILICATE / PHYLLOSILICATE TO Structure Tetrahedral – Octahedral Kaolinite (Monoclinic) Al2Si2O5(OH)4 - Also known as Kaolin or China Clay - Used for ceramics and paper making industry. Pianlinite H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Silicates SHEET SILICATE / PHYLLOSILICATE TOT Structure Talc(Monoclinic) Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 -The softest mineral - Greasy feel Pyrophyllite (Monoclinic) Al2(Si4O10)(OH)2 - Used in the production of rubber. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Silicates SHEET SILICATE / PHYLLOSILICATE TOT + c Structure • If an Al+3 is substituted for every 4th Si+4 in the tetrahedral layer, this causes an excess -1 charge in each T-O-T layer. To satisfy the charge, K+1 or Na+1 can be bonded between 2 T-O-T sheets in 12fold coordination. • For the trioctahedral sheet silicates this becomes Phlogopite (Mgbiotite), and for the dioctahedral sheet silicates this becomes Muscovite. This makes a T-O-T - T-O-T layer that, again can bind to another T-O-T - T-O-T layer by weak Van der Waals bonds. It is along these layers of weak bonding that the prominent {001} cleavage in the sheet silicates occurs. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Silicates SHEET SILICATE / PHYLLOSILICATE TOT + c Structure • Replacing 2 more Si+4 ions with Al+3 ions in the tetrahedral layer results in an excess -2 charge on a T-O-T layer, which is satisfied by replacing the K+1 with Ca+2. • This results in the trioctahedral sheet silicate - Clintonite and the dioctahedral sheet silicate - Margarite. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Silicates SHEET SILICATE / PHYLLOSILICATE TOT + c Structure Mica Group: Biotite (Monoclinic) K(Mg,Fe)3(AlSi3O10)(F,OH)2 - Used as an insulator and semiconductors phlogopite – Mg-rich Muscovite (Monoclinic) KAI2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 - Used as an insulator and semicoductor. - Used in production of autimotive tires and cosmetics Lepidolite (Monoclinic) K(Li,Al)3(Si,Al)4O10(F,OH)2 - Exibits triboluminescence Source for Li Glauconite (Monoclinic) (K,Na)(Fe3+,Al,Mg)2(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2 H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Silicates SHEET SILICATE / PHYLLOSILICATE TOT + c Structure Brittle Mica: Margarite (Monoclinic) CaAl2(Al2Si2)O10(OH)2 Clintonite (Monoclinic) Ca(Mg,Al)3(Al3Si)O10(OH)2 H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Silicates SHEET SILICATE / PHYLLOSILICATE TOT + O Structure Chlorite (Monoclinic) Also refers to as Chlorite Group Prasolite Brunvsvigite H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Silicates SHEET SILICATE / PHYLLOSILICATE Clay Minerals Chrysocolla (Orthorhombic) (Cu,Al)2H2Si2O5.nH2O - Ore for Cu Apophyllite (Tetragonal) KCa4Si8O20(FOH).8H20 Prehnite (Orthorhombic) Ca2Al(ALSi3O10)(OH)2 Stilpnomelane K(Fe2+,Mg,Fe3+)8(Si,Al)12(O,OH)27·n(H2O) Illite (Monoclinic) (K,H3O)(Al,Mg,Fe)2(Si,Al)4O10[(OH)2,(H2O) ] - Non expanding Clay H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Silicates SHEET SILICATE / PHYLLOSILICATE Clay Minerals Smectite Group: Montmorillonite (Monoclinic) (Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2·n H2O - Expanding Clay - Attapulgite (diatabs) Bentonite - Composed mainly of Montmorillonite, forms from the weathering of volcanic ash. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Silicates FRAMEWORK SILICATE / TECTOSILICATE The tectosilicates or framework silicates have a structure wherein all of the 4 oxygens of SiO4 (-4) tetrahedra are shared with other tetrahedra. The ratios of Si to O is thus 1:2. Since the Si - O bonds are strong covalent bonds and since the structure is interlocking, the tectosilicate minerals tend to have a high hardness. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Silicates FRAMEWORK SILICATE / TECTOSILICATE Silica Group (SiO2)  Quartz (Hexagonal)  Tridymite (Orthorhombic(a)/ Hexagonal(b))  Cristobalite (Tetragonal(a)/ Isometric (b))  Coesite (Monoclinic)  Stivshovite (Tetragonal)  Opal (Hydrated) Quartz variety Rock Crystal Amethyst (Fe) Citrine (Fe) Smokey Quartz (Al) Rose Quartz (Dumortierite) Milky Quartz (Fluid Inclusions) Herkimer Diamond (Double Terminated quartz) H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Silicates FRAMEWORK SILICATE / TECTOSILICATE Feldspar Group Plagioclase Feldspar H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Silicates FRAMEWORK SILICATE / TECTOSILICATE Feldspar Group Alkali Feldspar Microcline (Triclinic) KAlSi3O8 Orthoclase (Monoclinic) KAlSi3O8 Sanidine (Monoclinic) KAlSi3O8 Adularia (Monoclinic/Triclinic) KAlSi3O8 Anorthoclase (Triclinic)(Na,K)AlSi3O8 H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Silicates FRAMEWORK SILICATE / TECTOSILICATE Feldspathoids Cancrinite (Hexagonal) Na6Ca2[(CO3)2|Al6Si6O24]·2H2O -Reacts with warm HCl Nepheline (Hexagonal) (Na, K)AlSiO4 Leucite (Isometric) KAlSi2O6 Sodalite Group Zeolite Group Scapolite H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Tungstates, Molybdates, and Borates Mineralogy Lecture 4a H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Carbonates  The essential structural element in all carbonate minerals is the CO3(-2) anion group H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Carbonates Calcite and Dolomite Group Calcite (CaCO3) Hexagonal vr: Iceland spar Magnesite Siderite Rhodochrosite Dolomite-Ankerite Aragonite Group Aragonite (CaCO3) Orthorhombic Witherite Strontianite OH-Bearing Carbonates Malachite Azurite H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Sulfates  Sulfur is somewhat unusual in that it serves as an anions in the sulfide minerals and as a cation in the sulfates. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Sulfates Gypsum Anhydrite Barite (Densest Non-metallic Mineral) H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Phosphates  The key structural element for phosphate minerals is the presence of tetrahedral PO4 (-3) anionic groups. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Phosphates Apatite (source of Phosphorus) Monazite (Source for REE’s) Xenotime (Source for REE’s) Turquoise H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Tungstate and Molybdates  Tungstate and molybdates are anisodemic and the WO4 (-2) and MoO4(-2) tetrahedra from discrete anionic groups in mineral structures. Scheelite Ca(WO4) Powellite Ca(MoO4) Wulfenite Pb(MoO4) H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Tungstate and Molybdates  Tungstate and molybdates are anisodemic and the WO4 (-2) and MoO4(-2) tetrahedra from discrete anionic groups in mineral structures. Stolzite Pb(WO4) Hubnerite MnWO4 Ferberite FeWO4 Wolframite(Fe,Mn)WO4 H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Borates  The Most common building block of the borates is the triangular BO3(-3) group. Borax Na2(B4O5)(OH)4 · 8H2O Colemanite Ca[B3O4(OH)3] · H2O Kernite Na2[B4O6(OH)2] · 3H2O Tincalconite Na2(B4O7) · 5H2O Ulexite NaCa[B5O6(OH)6] · 5H2O H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Oxide, Hydroxide, and Halides Mineralogy Lecture 4b H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Oxide X20 Group Cuprite Cu2O Ice H2O XO Group Periclase MgO Zincite ZnO H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Oxide Spinel Group (XY2O4) Minerals Spinel Group Magnetite Fe2+Fe3+2O4 Chromite Fe2+Cr3+2O4 Spinel Series MgAl2O4 Chrysoberyl BeAl2O4 -The green (chromium-bearing) gem variety that shows a colour change under different light sources is called alexandrite. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Oxide Hematite Group (X2O3) Group Hematite Fe2O3 Titanohematite – Ti-bearing hematite Kidney Ore - Globular, botryoidal, reniform and mammilary forms of Hematite. Specularite- A variety of hematite characterized by aggregates of silvery,metallic, specular ("mirror-like") hematite flakes or tabular, anhedral crystals. Corundum Al2O3 Ilmenite Fe2+TiO3 - major source of titanium H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Oxide Rutile Group (XO2) Group Rutile TiO2 Cassiterite SnO2 Uraninite UO2 H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Hydroxide Brucite Mg(OH)2 Iron Hydroxide Minerals Limonite FeO(OH) · nH2O Goethite α-Fe3+O(OH) Lepidocrocite γ-Fe3+O(OH) H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Hydroxide Aluminum Hydroxide Minerals Bauxite -the primary ore of aluminum. Gibbsite Al(OH)3 Diaspore AlO(OH) Boehmite AlO(OH) H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Hydroxide Manganese Oxide Pyrolusite MnO2 Coronadite Pb(Mn4+6Mn3+2)O16 Hausmannite Mn2+Mn3+2O4 Hollandite Ba(Mn4+6Mn3+2)O16 H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Hydroxide Manganese Hydroxide Manganite Mn3+O(OH) ENVIRONMENT: In low temperature hydrothermal replacement deposits, acid-rich bogs, and in manganese-rich hot springs. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Halides Halite NaCl Sylvite KCl Fluorite CaF2 H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Halides Carnallite KMgCl3 · 6H2O Cryolite Na2NaAlF6 Chlorargyrite AgCl H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Halides Bromargyrite AgBr Calomel [Hg2]2+Cl2 Iodargyrite AgI H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Sulfides and Related Minerals Mineralogy Lecture 4c H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Sulfides Sphalerite ZnS -Also known as blende or zinc blende, is the major ore of zinc. Galena PbS -is the primary ore mineral of lead Pyrrhotite Fe1-xS H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Sulfides Chalcopyrite CuFeS2 -A major ore of copper. -Common in sulfide veins and disseminated in igneous rocks. Cinnabar HgS Pyrite FeS2 -The isometric (cubic) polymorph of orthorhombic marcasite. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Marcasite FeS2 Molybdenite MoS2 Sulfides -Molybdenite is the most important ore of the metal molybdenum. Bornite Cu5FeS4 -Important copper ore. H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Sulfides Chalcocite Cu2S -A secondary mineral in or near the oxidized zone of copper sulfide deposits. Covellite CuS H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Sulfide related minerals Sulfarsenides Arsenopyrite FeAsS Cobaltite CoAsS H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Sulfide related minerals Arsenides Skutterudite CoAs3 Nickeline NiAs -An important nickel ore mineral. Realgar As4S4 Orpiment As2S3 H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Sulfide related minerals Tellurides Calaverite AuTe2 Sylvanite (Au,Ag)2Te4 H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Sulfide related minerals Sulfosalts Stibnite Sb2S3 -An important Sb ore mineral. Energite Cu3AsS4 Luzonite Cu3AsS4 H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Native Elements Mineralogy Lecture 4d H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Native Elements There are three classifications for Native Elements 1. Metals 2. Semimetals 3. Nonmetals H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Native Elements 1. Metals Gold Group Copper Gold Silver Lead H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Native Elements 1. Metals Platinum Group Palladium Platinum Platiniridium Iridosmine H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Native Elements 1. Metals Iron Group Iron Kamacite Taenite Mercury H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Native Elements 2. Semimetals Arsenic Bismuth Antimony H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 Native Elements 3. Nonmetals Graphite Diamond Sulfur H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1 References W.D. Nesse (2012), Introduction to Mineralogy, Oxford University Press W.D. Nesse (2004), Introduction to Optical Mineralogy, Third Edition, Oxford University Press. E.J. Tarbuck et. Al. (2012), Essentials of Geology 11th ed, USA Pearson Prentice Hall K. Hefferan and J. O’Brien (2010), Earth Materials, Malaysia, Blackwell Publishing J.D. Dana (1855), Manual of Mineralogy, Including Observations on Mines, Rocks, Reduction of Ores, and the Application of the Science to the Arts with 280 Illustrations Designed for the Use of Schools and Colleges, Seventh Edition, USA, Durrie and amp; Peck https://geology.com/dictionary/glossary-a.shtml https://www.minerals.net/mineral_glossary/tenebrescence.aspx https://www.facebook.com/geologypage/ https://www.minerals.net/mineral/hematite.aspx https://www.mindat.org/min-5574.html https://www.minerals.net/mineral/manganite.aspx https://www.mindat.org/ H.D.A. Reyes | Correlation 1