Lecture_2_Introduction to Databases and Database System Applications.pptx.pdf

Database Management Systems Introduction 1 Database Management Systems Unit 1: Introduction to Database Management Slides adapted from Author Slides of “Database System Concepts”, Silberschatz, H Korth and S Sudarshan, McGrawHill, 7th Edition, 2019. And Author Slides of Fundament...

Database Management Systems Introduction 1 Database Management Systems Unit 1: Introduction to Database Management Slides adapted from Author Slides of “Database System Concepts”, Silberschatz, H Korth and S Sudarshan, McGrawHill, 7th Edition, 2019. And Author Slides of Fundamentals of Database Systems”, Ramez Elamsri, Shamkant B Navathe, Pearson, 7th Edition, 2017. 2 Database Management Systems Why study databases Databases help us to: Store large amounts of data (file structure, disk management) Understand the data (data models) Keeps data secure (security, recovery) Find required data and use/manipulate it (query languages, concurrency control, and data analysis tools) Get accurate information (as databases have built-in constraints and checks help in this) Maintain Data integrity (ensures data is accurate and consistent) 3 Database Management Systems Database Applications 1) Enterprises Customer Relationship Management (CRM): Databases store customer interactions, preferences, and sales data. Supply Chain Management: Databases track inventory levels, supplier information, and logistics. Human Resources: Manage employee data, payroll, and benefits using databases. Financial Systems: Handle accounting, budgeting, and financial reporting through database solutions. Example: Salesforce CRM is widely used by enterprises to manage customer relationships and sales data within a database. 4 Database Management Systems Database Applications 2) Manufacturing Production Tracking: Databases monitor production schedules, inventory levels, and quality control. Supply Chain Management: Manage supplier information, procurement, and logistics using databases. Product Lifecycle Management: Track product design, development, and updates in a database. Example: Toyota uses databases to manage their Just-In-Time (JIT) manufacturing processes, ensuring efficient production and inventory management. 5 Database Management Systems Database Applications 3) Banking and Finance Account Management: Databases store customer accounts, transactions, and balance information. Loan Processing: Manage loan applications, approvals, and repayments through a database system. Fraud Detection: Monitor transactions for unusual activity and potential fraud using database systems. Example: JPMorgan Chase uses advanced database systems to manage customer accounts, process transactions, and detect fraud. 6 Database Management Systems Database Applications 4) University Student Records: Databases store student information such as personal details, course registrations, grades, and attendance. Course Management: Databases manage course offerings, schedules, and faculty assignments. Library Systems: Track book inventory, borrowing history, and reservations using databases. Alumni Relations: Maintain contact information and other records in a centralized database. Example: University of California, Berkeley uses a comprehensive database system to manage student records, academic schedules, and library resources. 7 Database Management Systems Database Applications 5) Airlines Reservation Systems: Databases manage flight bookings, seat allocations, and passenger information. Flight Operations: Track flight schedules, crew assignments, and aircraft maintenance through databases. Customer Service: Store frequent flyer data, customer preferences, and service history in a database. Example: Amadeus is a global reservation database system used by many airlines for booking and flight management. 8 Database Management Systems Database Applications 6) Telecommunication Customer Data: Databases store customer information, billing details, and service preferences. Network Management: Monitor network usage, service quality, and fault management using databases. Service Provisioning: Manage the activation and maintenance of customer services through a database system. Example: AT&T utilizes databases to manage customer data, monitor network performance, and provide reliable telecommunication services. 9 Database Management Systems Database Applications 7) Web-based Services User Data Management: Databases store user profiles, preferences, and activity logs. Content Management: Manage website content, including articles, images, and videos, using a database system. Analytics: Track user interactions, traffic patterns, and conversion rates through databases. Example: Netflix uses a sophisticated database system to manage user preferences, content recommendations, and streaming data. 10 Database Management Systems Database Applications 8) Document Databases Data Storage: Document databases store semi-structured data in formats like JSON, BSON, or XML, allowing for flexible schema design and easy data retrieval. Content Management: Manage collections of documents such as articles, patents, research papers, and other unstructured content. Scalability: Document databases are designed to handle large volumes of data and can scale horizontally across multiple servers. Use Cases: Often used for content management systems, catalogues, and data lakes where data doesn't fit neatly into relational models. Example: MongoDB is a popular document database used by companies like The New York Times to manage and deliver vast amounts of news articles and media content. 11 Database Management Systems Database Applications 9) Navigation Systems Location Data: Databases store geographic information including locations of places of interest, routes, and geographic features. Real-Time Updates: Manage real-time traffic data, route optimization, and point-of-interest information. User Interaction: Provide features like route planning, navigation guidance, and local searches. Integration: Often integrated with other systems such as weather services, local businesses, and emergency services to enhance user experience. Example: Google Maps uses a complex database system to manage and update location data, provide navigation services, and offer real-time traffic updates to millions of users worldwide. 12 Database Management Systems How are databases used? There are two modes in which databases are used today Online Transaction Processing (OLTP): ○ Used by a large number of users for small data retrieval and updates ○ common in most database applications like banking, universities, and airlines. Data Analytics/Online Analytical Processing(OLAP): ○ Involves processing data to draw conclusions and create predictive models for business decisions. ○ Examples include loan approval, targeted advertisements, and manufacturing decisions. ○ Data mining combines AI and statistical techniques for efficient analysis of large databases. 13 Database Management Systems View of Data A database system is a collection of interrelated data and a set of programs that allow users to access and modify these data. A major purpose of a database system is to provide users with an abstract view of the data. ○ Data models A collection of conceptual tools for describing data, data relationships, data semantics and constraints. ○ Data abstraction Hide the complexity of data structures to represent data in the database from users through several levels of data abstraction. The structure of a database is defined by its data model, which includes tools to describe data, relationships, semantics, and consistency constraints. 14  Database Management Systems Data Models RELATIONAL MODEL Uses a collection of tables to represent both data and the relationships among those data. Each table has multiple columns, and each column has a unique name. Tables are also known as relations. The relational model is an example of a record-based model. Record-based models are so named because the database is structured in fixed-format records of several types. Each table contains records of a particular type. Each record type defines a fixed number of fields or attributes. Each row of the table represents one piece of information The columns of the table correspond to the attributes of the record type. The relational data model is the most widely used data model, and a vast majority of current database systems are based on the relational model. 15 Database Management Systems Data Models Entity-Relationship Model The entity-relationship (E-R) data model uses a collection of basic objects, called entities, and relationships among these objects. An entity is a “thing” or “object” in the real world that is distinguishable from other objects. The entity-relationship model is widely used in database design. 16 Database Management Systems Data Models Semi Structured Data Model The semi-structured data model permits the specification of data where individual data items of the same type may have different sets of attributes. This is in contrast to the data models mentioned earlier, where every data item of a particular type must have the same set of attributes. JSON and Extensible Markup Language (XML) are widely used semi-structured data representations A database model where there is no separation between the data and the schema, and the amount of structure used depends on the purpose. The advantages of this model are the following: It can represent the information of some data sources that cannot be constrained by schema. Example of XML 17 data Database Management Systems Data Models Object-Based Data Model. Object-oriented programming (especially in Java, C++, or C#) has become the dominant software-development methodology. This led initially to the development of a distinct object-oriented data model, but today the concept of objects is well integrated into relational databases. Standards exist to store objects in relational tables. Database systems allow procedures to be stored in the database system and executed by the database system. This can be seen as extending the relational model with notions of encapsulation, methods, and object identity. 18 Database Management Systems Questions Some questions to revise 1) List and describe three real-world applications of databases in different industries. How do these applications benefit from using databases? 2) What are the two modes in which databases are used today? 3) Discuss the various data models. How does the relational model differ from the semi-structured and object-based models? 4) Explain the significance of document databases in storing and managing semi-structured data. How does MongoDB exemplify the use of document databases in real-world applications? 19 THANK YOU S Nagasundari Department of Computer Science and Engineering [email protected] 20