LECTURE_2_ESSENTIALS_OF_METABOLISM.pdf

ESSENTIALS OF METABOLISM Dr. Martina Mikail, PharmD Adjunct Professor Marshall B. Ketchum Email: [email protected]  “Every year, 98% of the atoms of your body are replaced. This non-stop chemical replacement, metabolism, is a sure sign of life. -...

ESSENTIALS OF METABOLISM Dr. Martina Mikail, PharmD Adjunct Professor Marshall B. Ketchum Email: [email protected]  “Every year, 98% of the atoms of your body are replaced. This non-stop chemical replacement, metabolism, is a sure sign of life. -Lynn Margullis (1938-2011) OVERVIEW BASIC CONCEPTS OF METABOLISM METABOLISM The chemical processes that go on inside any living organism. Provides energy and is linked to growth  BASIC CONCEPTS OF METABOLISM Microorganisms have two ways of obtaining the energy and carbon they need. Autotrophy Heterotrophy Photoautotrophs Chemoautotrophs Photoheterotophs Chemoheterotophs BASIC CONCEPTS OF METABOLISM Autotrophy: “self-feeding” carbon is obtained from organic sources. Photoautotrophs Chemoautotrophs BASIC CONCEPTS OF METABOLISM Heterotrophy: “other feeding” carbon is obtained from other organic molecules. Photoheterotophs Chemoheterotophs BASIC CONCEPTS OF METABOLISM Heterotrophy: “other feeding” carbon is obtained from other organic molecules. Photoheterotrophs Chemoheterotroph s Our main focus this chapter because nearly all infectious organisms are chemoheterotrophs.  OXIDATION & REDUCTION REACTIONS ANABOLISM metabolic processes in LARGER MOLECULES which the energy derived from catabolism is used to build large organic molecules from smaller ones Anabolism Catabolism CATABOLISM molecules are broken down through metabolic processes to ENERGY release the energy ENERGY stored in their SMALLER chemical bonds. MOLECULES BOTH PROCESSES INVOLVE ELECTRON TRANSFER & OXIDATION/REDUCTION REACTIONS.  OXIDATION & REDUCTION REACTIONS OXIDATION REDUCTION A chemical reaction in A chemical reaction in which an atom, ion, or which an atom, ion, or molecule loses one or molecule gains one or more electrons. more electrons. Reaction= oxidized Reaction= reduced Oxidize= lOst REduced=REceive Oxidation and reduction reactions together are known as REDOX REACTIONS.  RESPIRATION Respiration at the macroscopic level describes catabolic processes and is divided into: AEROBIC RESPIRATION ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION FACULTATIVE ANAEROBE metabolism that metabolism that metabolism that uses oxygen. does not use can use oxygen oxygen. but can also occur without it AEROBIC BACTERIA ANAEROBIC BACTERIA FACULTATIVE ANAEROBIC BACTERIA Need bacteria in order to grow Cannot grow in the presence of oxygen Can grow with or without oxygen  METABOLIC PATHWAYS Nearly all chemical processes in living organisms consist of a series of chemical reactions called pathways. The product of one reaction serves as the substrate for the next pathway. Enzyme 1 Enzyme 2 Enzyme 3 Enzyme 4 A B C D E  SUMMARY Metabolism is the Nearly all infectious Metabolism is broken chemical process that organisms are down into catabolism provides or stores energy chemoheterotrophs, and anabolism. for organisms. obtaining energy by breaking down molecules. Oxidation and Nearly all chemical Cellular respiration can reduction reactions processes consist of a be aerobic or anaerobic. involve the transfer of series of chemical. electrons. reactions known as a pathway. QUESTIONS