Lecture 2 PDF

the that exists Colonialism thing : US Colonization : the process in which colonialism happens VS Neo : control from the North /developed countries) centries...

the that exists Colonialism thing : US Colonization : the process in which colonialism happens VS Neo : control from the North /developed countries) centries of the South (Developing Imperialism, Colonialism and developmentDecolonization Relation between colonialism and ? the > - Colonialism changed world and set in motion way of thinking Lecture II a... 1  Learning Objectives In this lecture we will learn about The concept of colonialism, neo-colonialism and imperialism; The motives of European colonial expansion, and methods of colonial rule; The causes of decolonization or end of colonial rule; and The creation of post-colonial states  Periodization of European colonialism 1. 1520-1570: Construction of the Spanish Colonial System in Mexico 2. 1630-1680: Establishment of the Caribbean Plantation Economy 3. Chargement… 1760-1830: Onset of European Territorial Rule in Asia 4. 1880-1900: A new wave of Colony Formation in the Old World 5. 1900-1930: Heyday of Colonial Export Economies 6. 1945-1960: The "Second Colonial Occupation" of Africa  The rise of Europe and Imperialism 1492: two major developments 1. The “discovery” of the Americas by C. Columbus followed by population movement motivated by three Gs (Gold, God, Glory) 6 From Europe to America 2. The defeat of the Arabs in Spain and the end of Feudalism and the centralization of state which laid the foundation for the of estate Beginning the modern creation S of creation of national states ecarly form capitalism tartes of very for the important The development of mercantilism, the accumulation of to come gold, silver and slaves labor connecting the three continents (The Americas, Europe and Africa) – The Atlantic Slave Trade products 8 > - O h ? 4 Islaves o  The three periods of Imperialism 1. 1492-1776, Global Expansion 2. 1776-1870, British dominance and the withdrawal of other imperialists 3. 1870-1949, the New Imperialism(High Imperialism). Chargement… The New Imperialism started in the middle of the 19th century. It was quick, explosive, and competitive involving British, French, Belgians Germans Italians and Portuguese as well as Americans and Japanese. The highlight of New Imperialism was the Scramble for Africa (1875-1900) symbolized by the Berlin Conference (1884-1885) where Europeans divided Africa into colonies on the map  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PzF88HBlAHY (A Brief The Transatlantic Slave Trade  The Atlantic Slave Trade 3anren 7 2 factors Dev. of industrialization The Partition of Africa (1885-1900) 8 France un Belgium Definitions Imperialism: ‘a political system by which colonies are ruled from a central seat of power in the pursuit of largely if not entirely economic goals.’ o ‘an economic system in which a state pursues external investment and penetration of markets and sources of raw materials.’ Political subjugation through colonialism is only one form this domination might take Imperialism without colonies? USA in Latin America and the Caribbean. Causes of colonaislism and imperialism  Colonialism and colony Colonialism refers to the political, social, economic, and cultural domination of a territory and its people by a foreign power for an extended period of time - foreign occupation and control. Colony: “A colony is a new political organization created by invasion (conquest and/or settlement colonization) but built on pre- colonial conditions. Its alien rulers are in sustained dependence on a geographically remote "mother country" or imperial center, which claims exclusive rights of "possession" of the colony. Neo-colonialism is the process by which rich powerful, developed states use economic, political and informal means to exert pressures on poor, less powerful, underdeveloped states.  The Motives of European Colonialism 1. The Economic Theory need of from the imperial europeans.... markets Hobson’s Theory overproduction and under-consumption more Lenin’s Theory of Monopoly Capitalism: “Imperialism is the highest stage of capitalism” 2. Chargement… Social Darwinism, emphasizing the alleged superiority of If you it cam do European race over other races Go and colonise Why not ?... mission civilisatrice 3. Evangelical Christianity > their - duty , , was to spread Christianity ⑳ 4. Social atavism -Norationale they do it be they can , 5. Diplomatic theory – balance of power, national prestige and global strategy 11  dverybody want estatee...? & Source for European Raw Nationalism Materials Missionary Industrial Revolution Activity European Markets for Military Finished Motives Goods & Naval For Colonization Bases Social Darwinism Places to European Dump Racism Unwanted/ 12 Excess Popul. Humanitarian Soc. & Eco. “White Reasons Opportunities Man’s Burden”  How the Europeans were able to conquer s Africa? Afriques ·Tha 1. They knew more about African politics, land and people thanks to explorers, missionaries, merchants, etc. 2. Medical technology –Europeans were less fearful about African diseases since the middle of the 19th Century 3. More material advantage that they could spend millions of pounds Do on overseas campaigns and African cannot sustain most en any military invasion ·The 4. Military technology, Maxim guns and heavy artillery 5. Political and military weakness of African societies  The “Scramble for Africa” 1880-1900 The Berlin Conference, 1884-1885 e -Defead Convened by The German Chancellor, Otto Von Bismarck knew, A 14 European major powers attended No African leader was invited to this meeting et Africa was divided on the map (see the map) without considering and cultural, religious and ethnic differences of African societies It set the ground rules for occupation and colonization The Berlin Act defined the “the Sphere influence” Yet some countries were on the verge of confrontation in the scramble for Africa (e.g., Fashoda, Sudan in 1898)  Glorifying and Justifying European Colonialism Europeans justified colonization as a “civilizing mission” and “white Man’s Burden” which would benefit the colonized: “More of the tribes quickly accepted European colonial rule as part of irresistible order, one which brought many benefits, above all peace, and existing novelties, railways and roads, lamps, bicycles, ploughs, new foods and crops , and all that that could be acquired and experienced in town and city. For the ruling class, traditional or created, it brought a new strength and security of tradition status and new forms of wealth and power. For many years after Status annexation, though there was much bewilderment, revolts were very few, there does not appear to have been much sense of indignity at being ruled” (M. Perham, quoted in Adu Boahen, 1990)  \ 16  Types of colonies 1) Exploitation Colonies: examples (British India, Indochina (French), Egypt (British), Togo (German), Philippines (American), Taiwan (Japanese) Variant: Spanish America, in which European immigration led to an urban mixed society with a dominating creole minority 2) Maritime enclaves: (result of fleet actions) examples (Malacca (Portuguese), Batavia (Dutch), Hong Kong, Singapore, Aden (all British), Shanghai) 17  Types of Colonies 3) Settlement Colonies - result of militarily supported colonization processes a) "New England" type: displacement and even annihilation of the economically dispensable indigenous population; examples: the British New England colonies, Canada (French/ British), and Australia b) "African" type: economic dependence on an indigenous labor force; examples: Algeria (French), Southern Rhodesia (British), and South Africa c) "Caribbean" type: import of slaves; examples: Barbados (English), Jamaica (English), Saint Domingue (French), Virginia (English), Cuba (Spanish), Brazil (Portuguese). 18  Methods of colonial rule in Africa, France & UK From about 1900 four main theories of colonial administration emerged. 1)France: Assimilation, Association and Direct Rule Assimilation was absorption of the Africans to European culture and European acceptance of the Africans as a partner in government, business and missionary enterprise But the policy of Assimilation failed and replaced by the policy of Association which appeared to be economical, practical and effective Portugal had similar policy called assimildos 19  Methods of colonial rule in Africa, France & UK 2) UK: Indirect Rule Indirect rule was based on ethics, tradition and theory and cheap Decentralization and continuity Cooperation and evolutionary change Indirect rule was vague, paternalist and filled with entrenched racism and unsuccessful except in few places like Uganda and Northern Nigeria.  Decolonization/Liberation ansedbu aunices peop Decolonization/Liberation is the opposite of colonization - i.e. ending colonial rule. The surrender of external political Sovereignty, largely western European peoples plus the emergence of independent territories; Decolonization took place mainly after 1945, 1947-1965 in particular; More than EIGHTY countries gained independence between 1945-1980 India was the first to be free in 1947 and followed by other Asian and African countries from the 1940s to 1970s 21  Decolonization/Liberation What did Colonialism end after 1945? 1. The development of anti-colonial nationalism and national liberation movements in reaction to European domination and imperialism (Asia and Africa) 2. The Economic and Political consequences of WWII 3. The Ideological and philosophical opposition of US and the USSR to classical colonialism 4. The success of Asian nationalism (India, Burma, Sri Lanka etc 5. The question of the profitability of colonies (the cost to run colonies) 6. The UN and its charter which followed the Atlantic charter of 1941 made colonialism illegal 22  Decolonization/Liberation WAR NEGOTIATION Vietnam [France] India / Pakistan Algeria [France] Much of Africa Kenya [Britain] Indonesia Mozambique & Angola Philippines [Portugal] Zimbabwe (white settlers)  Leadership of liberation struggles Western educated middle class Charismatic Some supported violence and others non-violence Left to right: Jomo Kenyatta, Ho Chi Minh, Kwame Nkrumah, Mahatma Gandhi Decolonization in 20th Century  Questions for debate on European colonialism o Did imperialism and colonialism lead to or prevent the development of the areas of the world referred to as ‘developing countries or the South? o What kind of development did European imperialism and colonialism bring about in Africa, the Americas, and Asia? o Where would Africa, Asia, and the Americas be today had they not been colonized by European powers? The End &