Organic Chemistry Lecture 2-1 PDF

### Reaction of alkane: Substitution Reaction: - $R-H + X_2 \longrightarrow R-X + HX$ ### Example: - $CH_3CH_3 + Cl_2 \longrightarrow CH_3CH_2Cl + HCl$ ### Mechanism: - **Initiation:** $Cl_2 \longrightarrow 2Cl^.$ - **Propagation:** $Cl + CH_3CH_3 \longrightarrow CH_3CH_2Cl + HCl$ $Cl + CH_3CH_3...

### Reaction of alkane: Substitution Reaction: - $R-H + X_2 \longrightarrow R-X + HX$ ### Example: - $CH_3CH_3 + Cl_2 \longrightarrow CH_3CH_2Cl + HCl$ ### Mechanism: - **Initiation:** $Cl_2 \longrightarrow 2Cl^.$ - **Propagation:** $Cl + CH_3CH_3 \longrightarrow CH_3CH_2Cl + HCl$ $Cl + CH_3CH_3 \longrightarrow .CH_2CH_3 + HCl$ - **Termination:** $Cl + Cl \longrightarrow Cl_2$ $.CH_2CH_3 + .CH_2CH_3 \longrightarrow CH_3CH_2CH_2CH_3$ $Cl + .CH_2CH_3 \longrightarrow CH_3CH_2Cl$ ### Note: - $CH_3CH_3 + Cl_2 \longrightarrow CH_3CH_2Cl + HCl$ - **Minor:** $CH_3CH_2CH_2CH_3$ - **Major:** $CH_3CH_2Cl$ ### Readily of H: - *Readily substituted* - *Readily selectivity* - Selectivity Branch - *Isobutane* - Less *selectivity* - Mono *selective* - *Tertiary* - More *selective* ### Tsobutane: $CH_3-CH-CH_3 \longrightarrow CH_3-C-CH_3$ ### Tertiary: - CH-C-CH- ### Minor: - CH-CH-CH- ### Major: - CH-CH-CH- ### BP - $CH_3CH_2CH_2CH_3 \longrightarrow 2C_2H_6$ - $C_2H_6 \longrightarrow CH_4 + CH_2$ - $CH_2 + CH_2 \longrightarrow C_2H_4$ - $C_2H_4 + H_2 \longrightarrow C_2H_6$ ### Cycloalkane: - * **Cyclopropane** - 3-membered ring - Ring strain ### Alkene: - **Ethene** $CH_2=CH_2$ - **Propene** $CH_3CH=CH_2$ - **isoButene** $CH_2=CH_3CH_3$ ### $C_4H_8$ Allene - $CH_2=C=CH_2$ ### Alkyl: - **CH** = $CH_3CH=CH-CH_3$ ### $D^2C_4H_8$ - **2-Butene** $CH_3-CH=CH-CH_3$ - **cis-2-butene** $CH_3-CH=CH-CH_3$ - **trans-2-butene** $CH_3-CH=CH-CH_3$ - **1-butene** $CH_2=CH-CH_2-CH_3$ ### $D^2C_5H_{10}$ - **1-hexene** $CH_2=CH-CH_2-CH_2-CH_3$ - **2-hexene** $CH_3-CH=CH-CH_2-CH_3$ - **3-hexene** $CH_3-CH_2-CH=CH-CH_2-CH_3$ - **3-methyl-1-butene** $CH_3CH=C(CH_3)_2$ - **2-methyl-2-butene** $CH_3C=CHCH_3$ ### Cyclo Alkene - 1-methylcyclopentene - 1-ethyl - 1-cyclopentene ### *Cyclchexene* - *Cyclichexane symbol* ### Methylcyclohexane - - *CH₃* - $CH_2-CH_2$ - - $CH_2$ - $CH_2-CH_2$ - - $CH_2$ ### Isomers: - - *CH₃* - $CH_2-CH_2$ - - $CH_2-CH_2$ - $CH_2$ ### *Draw* - *write nome* ### *3-hexene* - *Trans:s-hexeme* - *Isome butene* ### *Trans-3-hetana* - * bi-isomers* ### Stability - * mono* - $>=< $ ### 40 - * alkene* - * $CH_2 = CH_2$ - * $a + b = 2 - 4 = - 2$ - * $a +b + c == 2 + 2 = 4$ - * Alkene $E <$ alkene $Z$ - $150 - 14$ - $a = 2 - 28 - 12 + 6 = -22$ - $a + b + c = 12 + 2 + 3 - 30 - 2 + 2 = 11$ - $b = 12 + 2 + 3=17$ - $CH_3$ --- $a = 14 - 2 - 12 + 6 = 6$ - $CH_2--CH_2$ - $a + b + c = 12 + 2 + 3 - 14 - 2 + 2 = 9 $ - $CH_2$ --- $b = 12 + 2 + 3 = 17$ ### *Reaction* - *Karo Electro lysis* - $CH_3 - C - CH_3 \longrightarrow [CH_3 - C - CH_3] + [H_3O^+] + [Cl^-] $ - **CH (Ethene)** - **Cl (Ethylene)** - **OH (Condense with water)** - $O$ - * CH* ### **ROR** - **R-H + HX - > R-X + H_2** - *ALKANE* - $R = CH_3CH_3, CH_3, C_2H_5. $ ### Steps: - $R-H + X \longrightarrow [Rx]^ + + HX$ - $R-H + [Rx]^+\longrightarrow RRx + H$ - $RRx + H \longrightarrow R + [Rx]^+$ - $R + X \longrightarrow [RX] + $ ### *CH3-CC-CH3* - *CH3-CH=CH-* - $ H CH-CH-CH-CH-CH-CH$ - $CH_3$ - *CH3-CH-CH-CH-CH-CH3* ### *Eliminaton* - $CH_3CH_2CH_2Br \longrightarrow CH_3CH=CH_2 + HBr$ - $CH_3CH_2CH_3 \longrightarrow CH_3-CH=CH_2 $ - *Dehydration* - *Dehydrohalogenation* -$CH_3 \longrightarrow CH_3 $ - *Dehalogenation* - $CH_3CH=CH_2$ - *Saytsev's Rule* - $CH_3CH=CH_2$ - *Zaitsev's rule* - $CH_3CH=CH_2$ - *Hoffmann's rule* - $CH_3CH=CH$ - *Reaction*