Biochemistry II Lecture Notes PDF

Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UDS – SoM, Tamale Campus SPS 106 : BIOCHEMISTRY II Lecturer : Frederick Sarfo - Antwi SPS 106: BIOCHEMISTRY II Lecture 1: Lipid Metabolism Lecturer : Frederick Sarfo - Antwi (BSc Biochem., MPhil. Biochem) PhD Biochemistry Researcher,...

Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UDS – SoM, Tamale Campus SPS 106 : BIOCHEMISTRY II Lecturer : Frederick Sarfo - Antwi SPS 106: BIOCHEMISTRY II Lecture 1: Lipid Metabolism Lecturer : Frederick Sarfo - Antwi (BSc Biochem., MPhil. Biochem) PhD Biochemistry Researcher, KNUST Telephone : +233245766223 E mail : [email protected] : [email protected]  Course Objectives At the end of the lesson, students should be able to explain in detail the:  Breakdown of fatty acids  Synthesis of fatty acids Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UDS – SoM, Tamale Campus  Course Content Lipid Metabolism 1. Catabolism of Fatty acids 2. Anabolism of Fatty acids Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UDS – SoM, Tamale Campus  Lipid Metabolism Lipid metabolism is the synthesis and degradation of lipids in cells, involving the breakdown or storage of fats for energy and the synthesis of structural and functional lipids, such as those involved in the construction of cell membranes. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UDS – SoM, Tamale Campus  Lipid Metabolism Lipid metabolism is the synthesis and degradation of lipids in cells, involving the breakdown or storage of fats for energy and the synthesis of structural and functional lipids, such as those involved in the construction of cell membranes. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UDS – SoM, Tamale Campus  Fate of Acetyl-CoA Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UDS – SoM, Tamale Campus  Lipid Metabolism Lipid metabolism is the synthesis and degradation of lipids in cells, involving the breakdown or storage of fats for energy and the synthesis of structural and functional lipids, such as those involved in the construction of cell membranes. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UDS – SoM, Tamale Campus  Triacyglyeride (triacylglycerol)  A triglyceride is an ester derived from glycerol and three fatty acids.  Triglycerides are the main constituents of body fat in humans and other vertebrates.  They can undergo many cycle of beta-oxidation to produce a large number of energy molecules. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UDS – SoM, Tamale Campus  Triacyglyeride (triacylglycerol)  A triglyceride is an ester derived from glycerol and three fatty acids.  Triglycerides are the main constituents of body fat in humans and other vertebrates.  They can undergo many cycle of beta-oxidation Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UDS – SoM, Tamale Campus  Energy Production in the Body  Triglycerides = 420,000kJ  Protein = 100,000kJ  Glycogen = 2500kJ  Glucose = 170 kJ Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UDS – SoM, Tamale Campus  Energy Production in the Body  Triglycerides = 420,000kJ  Protein = 100,000kJ  Glycogen = 2500kJ  Glucose = 170 kJ Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UDS – SoM, Tamale Campus Breakdown and Synthesis of Fatty Acids  Breakdown  Synthesis 1. Oxidation 1. Condensation 2. Hydration 2. Reduction 3. Oxidation 3. Dehydration 4. Cleavage 4. Reduction Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UDS – SoM, Tamale Campus Stages Involved in Fatty Acids Breakdown  Breakdown and Mobilization of triglyceride into fatty acids and glycerol.  Activation of fatty acids and their transport to the mitochondria.  Degradation of fatty acids into acetyl CoA and ATP (Beta-Oxidation). Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UDS – SoM, Tamale Campus Breakdown and Mobilization of triglyceride into fatty acids and glycerol Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UDS – SoM, Tamale Campus Stages Involved in Fatty Acids Breakdown  Breakdown and Mobilization of triglyceride into fatty acids and glycerol.  Activation of fatty acids and their transport to the mitochondria.  Degradation of fatty acids into acetyl CoA and ATP Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UDS – SoM, Tamale Campus Stages Involved in Fatty Acids Breakdown  Breakdown and Mobilization of triglyceride into fatty acids and glycerol.  Activation of fatty acids and their transport to the mitochondria.  Degradation of fatty acids into acetyl CoA and ATP Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UDS – SoM, Tamale Campus Activation of fatty acids by Acyl CoA Synthase  Breakdown and Mobilization of triglyceride into fatty acids and glycerol.  Activation of fatty acids and their transport to the mitochondria.  Degradation of fatty acids into acetyl CoA and ATP Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UDS – SoM, Tamale Campus  Fatty acids transport to the Mitochondria  Breakdown and Mobilization of triglyceride into fatty acids and glycerol.  Activation of fatty acids and their transport to the mitochondria.  Degradation of fatty acids into acetyl CoA and ATP Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UDS – SoM, Tamale Campus  Beta-Oxidation of Fatty Acids  Fatty acid β-oxidation is the process by which fatty acids are broken down to produce energy.  The long-chain acyl-CoA can then enter the fatty acid β- oxidation pathway, resulting in the production of one acetyl-CoA from each cycle of β-oxidation.  This acetyl-CoA then enters the TCA cycle. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UDS – SoM, Tamale Campus Stages Involved in Fatty Acids Breakdown  Breakdown and Mobilization of triglyceride into fatty acids and glycerol.  Activation of fatty acids and their transport to the mitochondria.  Degradation of fatty acids into acetyl CoA and ATP Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UDS – SoM, Tamale Campus Stages Involved in Fatty Acids Breakdown  Breakdown and Mobilization of triglyceride into fatty acids and glycerol.  Activation of fatty acids and their transport to the mitochondria.  Degradation of fatty acids into acetyl CoA and ATP Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UDS – SoM, Tamale Campus Stages Involved in Fatty Acids Breakdown  Breakdown and Mobilization of triglyceride into fatty acids and glycerol.  Activation of fatty acids and their transport to the mitochondria.  Degradation of fatty acids into acetyl CoA and ATP Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UDS – SoM, Tamale Campus  Beta-Oxidation of odd Fatty Acids  Fatty acid β-oxidation is the process by which fatty acids are broken down to produce energy. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UDS – SoM, Tamale Campus  Beta-Oxidation of odd Fatty Acids  Fatty acid β-oxidation is the process by which fatty acids are broken down to produce energy. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UDS – SoM, Tamale Campus  Biosynthesis of Fatty Acid  Fatty acid synthesis is the creation of fatty acids from acetyl-CoA and NADPH through the action of enzymes called fatty acid synthases.  This process takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UDS – SoM, Tamale Campus  Fatty Acid Synthase  Lipids play a variety of cellular roles. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UDS – SoM, Tamale Campus  Three Stages of Fatty acid Synthesis  Transport of Acetyl CoA into cytosol  Carboxylation of Acetyl CoA  Assembly of Fatty Acid chain Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UDS – SoM, Tamale Campus  Transport of Acetyl-CoA into Cytosol  Lipids play a variety of cellular roles. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UDS – SoM, Tamale Campus  Carboxylation of Acetyl CoA  Lipids play a variety of cellular roles. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UDS – SoM, Tamale Campus  Carboxylation of Acetyl CoA  Lipids play a variety of cellular roles. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UDS – SoM, Tamale Campus  Carboxylation of Acetyl CoA  Lipids play a variety of cellular roles. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UDS – SoM, Tamale Campus  Carboxylation of Acetyl CoA  Lipids play a variety of cellular roles. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UDS – SoM, Tamale Campus  Carboxylation of Acetyl CoA  Lipids play a variety of cellular roles. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UDS – SoM, Tamale Campus  Carboxylation of Acetyl CoA  Lipids play a variety of cellular roles. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UDS – SoM, Tamale Campus  Assembly of Fatty Acid chain  Lipids play a variety of cellular roles. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UDS – SoM, Tamale Campus  Assembly of Fatty Acid chain  Lipids play a variety of cellular roles. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UDS – SoM, Tamale Campus  Assembly of Fatty Acid chain  Lipids play a variety of cellular roles. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UDS – SoM, Tamale Campus  Assembly of Fatty Acid chain  Lipids play a variety of cellular roles. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UDS – SoM, Tamale Campus  Assembly of Fatty Acid chain  Lipids play a variety of cellular roles. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UDS – SoM, Tamale Campus  Assembly of Fatty Acid chain  Lipids play a variety of cellular roles. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UDS – SoM, Tamale Campus  Assembly of Fatty Acid chain  Lipids play a variety of cellular roles. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UDS – SoM, Tamale Campus  Assembly of Fatty Acid chain  Lipids play a variety of cellular roles. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UDS – SoM, Tamale Campus  Assembly of Fatty Acid chain  Lipids play a variety of cellular roles. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UDS – SoM, Tamale Campus  Assembly of Fatty Acid chain  Lipids play a variety of cellular roles. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UDS – SoM, Tamale Campus  Assembly of Fatty Acid chain  Lipids play a variety of cellular roles. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UDS – SoM, Tamale Campus  Assembly of Fatty Acid chain  Lipids play a variety of cellular roles. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UDS – SoM, Tamale Campus  Assembly of Fatty Acid chain  Lipids play a variety of cellular roles. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UDS – SoM, Tamale Campus  Assembly of Fatty Acid chain  Lipids play a variety of cellular roles. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UDS – SoM, Tamale Campus  Assembly of Fatty Acid chain  Lipids play a variety of cellular roles. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UDS – SoM, Tamale Campus  Assembly of Fatty Acid chain  Lipids play a variety of cellular roles. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UDS – SoM, Tamale Campus  Assembly of Fatty Acid chain  Lipids play a variety of cellular roles. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UDS – SoM, Tamale Campus  Assembly of Fatty Acid chain  Lipids play a variety of cellular roles. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UDS – SoM, Tamale Campus  Assembly of Fatty Acid chain  Lipids play a variety of cellular roles. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UDS – SoM, Tamale Campus  Ketogenesis  Ketogenesis is the biochemical process through which organisms produce ketone bodies through breakdown of fatty acids and ketogenic amino acids.  This process supplies energy under circumstances such as fasting or caloric restriction to certain organs, particularly the brain, heart and skeletal muscle. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UDS – SoM, Tamale Campus Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UDS – SoM, Tamale Campus  Ketone Bodies Acetoacetate Acetone D-3-hydroxybutyrate Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UDS – SoM, Tamale Campus  Ketone Bodies Acetoacetate Ketone Bodies utilization for Energy Production Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UDS – SoM, Tamale Campus  Fates of Ketogenesis  Insufficient gluconeogenesis can cause hypoglycaemia and excessive production of ketone bodies.  This could ultimately lead to a life-threatening condition known as non-diabetic ketoacidosis. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UDS – SoM, Tamale Campus  Diabetic Keto-acidosis  Diabetic ketoacidosis is a serious complication of diabetes that occurs when your body produces high levels of blood acids called ketones.  The condition develops when your body can't produce enough insulin. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UDS – SoM, Tamale Campus  Carboxylation of Acetyl CoA  Lipids play a variety of cellular roles. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UDS – SoM, Tamale Campus THE END UNIVERSITY FOR DEVELOPMENT STUDIES