Lecture 14 Study Guide: Social Behaviors PDF

1 He was sent to Colorado island Primates are a diverse order of mammals that includes humans, apes, monkeys, and lemurs. They are characterized by features such as forward-facing eyes, grasping hands and feet, and complex social structures. Primates inhabit various habitats worldwide and display a...

1 He was sent to Colorado island Primates are a diverse order of mammals that includes humans, apes, monkeys, and lemurs. They are characterized by features such as forward-facing eyes, grasping hands and feet, and complex social structures. Primates inhabit various habitats worldwide and display a wide range of behaviors and adaptations. 2 This is a well done study on the behaviors The tools were just observation 3 It was published in 1982- the ecology of a tropical forest Genetic varabilty is going down 4 The loudest mammmals 5 The male mostly howl Their screaming throat patchet let them howl 6 These are the most important characteristics Barro colordo islands is BCI Slash and burn agriculture, also known as swidden agriculture, involves clearing land by cutting down and burning vegetation before planting crops. 7 8 Average troop size refers to the typical number of individuals comprising a group or community of animals, particularly primates like monkeys or apes. 9 Yes, that's correct! Howler monkeys indeed have feet with an opposable big toe, which allows them to grip branches and manipulate objects much like human hands. Their hands are not as well developed compared to their feet, with the thumb and index finger positioned on one side of the branch when they grasp it. "Brachiation" refers to their mode of movement, where they swing from branch to branch using their arms, moving hand over hand through the tree tops. This adaptation enables them to efficiently navigate their arboreal habitat. 10 Fingerprint markings on howler monkeys have been utilized by researchers to estimate population genetic diversity. Like human fingerprints, each individual howler monkey has unique patterns on their fingertips. By analyzing these patterns, scientists can gather information about the genetic diversity within populations, track individuals, and study the dynamics of howler monkey communities. This method helps in understanding their behavior, social structure, and conservation needs. 11 12 Here are some general characteristics and behaviors of howler monkeys, particularly those found on Barro Colorado Island (BCI) in Panama: General behaviors: Howler monkeys are primarily arboreal, spending most of their time in trees. They are known for their loud and distinctive vocalizations, which they use for communication within their group and to mark territory. Ingestive and eliminative behaviors: Howlers feed primarily on leaves, supplemented by fruits, flowers, and occasionally insects. They have a specialized digestive system to process their fibrous diet. They may also engage in grooming behaviors to maintain hygiene and control parasites. Investigative behaviors: Howler monkeys are curious creatures and often engage in investigative behaviors, exploring their environment, inspecting objects, and testing new food sources. Shelter-seeking: Howlers seek shelter in the dense canopy of tropical forests, using branches and leaves to construct sleeping platforms called "nests." They typically rest and sleep in these nests during the night and may also use them for midday rest. 13 Yes, that's correct! Howler monkeys indeed have feet with an opposable big toe, which allows them to grip branches and manipulate objects much like human hands. Their hands are not as well developed compared to their feet, with the thumb and index finger positioned on one side of the branch when they grasp it. "Brachiation" refers to their mode of movement, where they swing from branch to branch using their arms, moving hand over hand through the tree tops. This adaptation enables them to efficiently navigate their arboreal habitat. 14 This is important There is littlefight 15 16 17 "Allelomimetic" refers to the tendency of animals within a group to mimic each other's behavior. This term is often used in the context of social animals, such as birds or mammals, where individuals may synchronize their actions, movements, or behaviors with those of other group members. Allelomimetic behavior can serve various purposes, including communication, coordination, and social bonding within the group. 18 Male are leaders and females are the followers Yes, that's correct. During their reproductive cycle, female animals that are in estrus or "heat" often exhibit behaviors designed to attract males and initiate mating. This behavior can include approaching nearby males, displaying specific body postures or vocalizations to signal receptivity, and actively engaging in sexual behavior. These actions increase the likelihood of successful mating and reproductive success for the female. This behavior is commonly observed in various mammalian species, including primates like howler monkeys 19 20 What does it mean to be indifferent to you These observations highlight some interesting aspects of social behavior in howler monkeys: Indifference of old males to the young: Older male howler monkeys may not exhibit the same level of interest or involvement in caring for young individuals compared to females or younger males. This could be due to various factors such as decreased reproductive fitness or different social roles within the group. Excitement and protective behavior towards fallen young: When a young monkey falls from a tree, male howler monkeys may become highly agitated and vocalize loudly, possibly as a form of alarm call to alert other group members or deter potential predators. This behavior reflects a sense of protective concern for the safety of the vulnerable individual. Assistance from males in caregiving: While caregiving responsibilities are typically associated with females in many primate species, male howler monkeys may occasionally assist in caring for young individuals. This behavior can include picking up and carrying a young monkey if the female is unable to do so, demonstrating a degree of cooperation and social support within the group. Weak care-dependency relationship between males and young: Unlike some primate species where males play a more active role in caregiving, the relationship 21 between male howler monkeys and young individuals may be less pronounced or consistent. This suggests that while males may exhibit occasional caregiving behaviors, they may not form strong bonds or dependencies with the young members of the group compared to females. 21 In howler monkey groups, there is typically no clear tendency for one male to lead more than another, suggesting a lack of a rigid dominance hierarchy among males. Instead, interactions and decision-making within the group may be more fluid and influenced by factors such as age, experience, and individual relationships. 22 23 The study by Dunn et al. (2015) presents evidence of an evolutionary trade-off between vocal tract dimensions, particularly the hyoid bone related to vocalization, and testes size in howler monkeys. It suggests that species with deeper vocal calls tend to have smaller testes, while those with shallow calls have larger testes. Additionally, howler monkey species with harem social structures, where one male monopolizes multiple females, exhibit larger vocal tracts and smaller testes, while those in multi-male groups have smaller vocal tracts and larger testes, likely reflecting differences in mating strategies and sperm competition. Higher. Chance of fertilize 24 25 The census data on the current inhabitants of the island indicates that they are descendants of animals that were naturally present before the creation of the island. This suggests that the current population may have undergone founder effects, where the genetic diversity of the population is influenced by the characteristics of the original founding individuals. Additionally, since 1923, there has been minimal human interference in the ecology of the island, with no hunting or poaching activities reported. This lack of human disturbance likely contributes to the preservation of the natural ecosystem and the stability of the wildlife populations on the island. 26 Howler monkeys have a preference or requirement for high-quality dietary items, indicating their reliance on specific food sources for nutrition and energy. Population size may be limited by resource shortages, suggesting that the availability of essential food items could influence the overall population size of howler monkeys. The census indicates the presence of 60 to 70 discrete troops of howler monkeys on the island, indicating a relatively large and well-distributed population. Each troop has clearly defined home ranges, but these ranges overlap, suggesting some degree of sharing and competition for resources among neighboring troops. "High quality dietary items" typically refer to food sources that provide essential nutrients, energy, and other benefits necessary for an animal's health and well-being. For howler monkeys, high-quality dietary items may include fresh leaves from specific tree species that are rich in protein, vitamins, and minerals. 27 28 29 The presence of little genetic polymorphism indicates low genetic diversity within the population of howler monkeys. This could be due to factors such as a small founder population, genetic bottlenecks, or limited gene flow. Low genetic polymorphism may have implications for the population's ability to adapt to environmental changes and may increase its vulnerability to diseases or other threats. 30 18 ainimals per troop what does that mean - So about the same 31 32 The consensus suggests that mortality, rather than restrictions on reproduction, is the primary factor limiting population growth among howler monkeys. Specifically, the number of infants being born is deemed sufficient. However, poor diet during the developmental stage of juveniles is suspected to be a significant problem. This suggests that the availability and quality of food sources may impact juvenile survival rates and, consequently, overall population growth. Various demographic studies have been conducted to investigate the relationship between food sources, their availability, and howler monkey population dynamics. 33 Howler moneky species with harem groups have? - Large testes they have to protect female 34 35 Their study was published in 1987 36 Very grumpy face They are also known as woolly spider monkeys 37 38 Copulation is 6 minututes and in mammals tha is very long These observations about muriquis monkeys shed light on their mating behavior: Adult females come into heat about every 2.5 years: This means that female muriquis experience a reproductive cycle roughly every 2.5 years, during which they are receptive to mating after weaning an offspring. This suggests a relatively long inter-birth interval compared to some other primate species. They willingly copulate with a variety of males: Female muriquis are promiscuous and mate with multiple males during their receptive period. This behavior increases the likelihood of successful fertilization and may also serve social purposes within the group. Males generally wait politely in line for the opportunity: Male muriquis exhibit a remarkable degree of social behavior during mating, forming a queue or hierarchy to mate with the receptive female. This orderly behavior may help minimize conflicts within the group. Each copulation lasts an average of 6 minutes (maximum of 18): This indicates that mating sessions among muriquis can be relatively prolonged compared to other primates. The extended duration of copulation may facilitate successful insemination and contribute to the reproductive success of both males and females in the group. 39 To big to fight in the tress and the largest minkey in the south east Yes these monkeys have huge balls 40 The bigger the better to have sperm oppurinitnty 41 Muriguis to don’t show sexual dimporhism in size? This is true 42 43 44 The male baboons are very aggressive Male chimpanzes fight less over male ( because don’t stick together in groups) but still aggressive 45 What is primates 46 What is the first in, last out phenomenon - The sperm that is first to enter is the last to reach the eggs - Why is female yellow color? Camofloage because th female does not need to be visblw and the predator will attack 47 48 Lamb and sheeps 49 - Ho In howlers and muriquis, sperm competition allows a peaceable society: Sperm competition refers to the competitive process between sperm from different males to fertilize a female's egg. In howler monkeys and muriquis, where multiple males mate with a female, sperm competition plays a role in maintaining social peace. Instead of engaging in aggressive behaviors to monopolize mating opportunities, males invest more in producing high-quality sperm to outcompete others. This leads to a more peaceful society among males, as they compete indirectly through sperm rather than direct physical confrontations. In ducks: similar physiology leads to mate rape: In ducks, similar physiological mechanisms of sperm competition exist, but they can lead to aggressive behaviors such as mate rape. If a male duck (drake) observes his mate mating with another drake, he may immediately attempt to force copulation with her to ensure his own paternity. This aggressive behavior is driven by the evolutionary imperative to maximize reproductive success. "Last in - first out" physiology of sperm host glands: This refers to the phenomenon where the male's reproductive tract favors the sperm of the most recent mate to be ejaculated when multiple matings occur within a short time frame. The male's reproductive glands may flush out or prioritize the sperm from the most recent 50 mating, increasing the likelihood of fertilization by the last male to mate with the female. - wlers and muriquis is peaceable because the is no fight 50 51