Understanding Management Marketing Lesson 01 PDF

Understanding Management Marketing Lesson 01 Presented by: Mr. Daryl A. Javier Subject Instructor The Importance of Marketing The first decade of the 21st century challenged firms to prosper financially and even survive in the face of an unforgiving...

Understanding Management Marketing Lesson 01 Presented by: Mr. Daryl A. Javier Subject Instructor The Importance of Marketing The first decade of the 21st century challenged firms to prosper financially and even survive in the face of an unforgiving economic environment. Marketing is playing a key role in addressing those challenges. Finance, operations, accounting, and other business functions won’t really matter without sufficient demand for products and The “Obama for America” presidential campaign combined a services so the firm can make a profit. In charismatic politician, a powerful message of hope, and a thoroughly integrated modern marketing program. The marketing other words, there must be a top line for plan needed to accomplish two very different goals: expand the there to be a bottom line. Thus financial electorate via broader messages while targeting very specific audiences. Multimedia tactics combined offline and online media, success often depends on marketing as well as free and paid media. ability. What Is Marketing? The American Marketing Association offers the following formal definition: Marketing is the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large. Marketing management takes place when at least After a distasteful video was posted online by two employees, Domino’s Pizza learned a valuable lesson one party to a potential exchange thinks about about the power of social media. the means of achieving desired responses from Video link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xaNuE3DsJHM other parties. Thus we see marketing management as the art and science of choosing target markets and getting, keeping, and growing customers through creating, delivering, and communicating superior customer value. What Is Marketed? Marketers market 10 main types of entities: goods, services, events, experiences, persons, places, properties, organizations, information, and ideas. Let’s take a quick look at these categories. GOODS Physical goods constitute the bulk of most countries’ production and marketing efforts. Each year, U.S. companies market billions of fresh, canned, bagged, and frozen food products and millions of cars, refrigerators, televisions, machines, and other mainstays of a modern economy. SERVICES As economies advance, a growing proportion of their activities focuses on the production of services. The U.S. economy today produces a 70–30 services-to-goods mix. Services include the work of airlines, hotels, car rental firms, barbers and beauticians, maintenance and repair people, and accountants, bankers, lawyers, engineers, doctors, software programmers, and management consultants. Many market offerings mix goods and services, such as a fast-food meal. EVENTS Marketers promote time-based events, such as major trade shows, artistic performances, and company anniversaries. Global sporting events such as the Olympics and the World Cup are promoted aggressively to both companies and fans. EXPERIENCES By orchestrating several services and goods, a firm can create, stage, and market experiences. Walt Disney World’s Magic Kingdom allows customers to visit a fairy kingdom, a pirate ship, or a haunted house. There is also a market for customized experiences, such as a week at a baseball camp with retired baseball greats, a four-day rock and roll fantasy PERSONS Artists, musicians, CEOs, physicians, high-profile lawyers and financiers, and other professionals all get help from celebrity marketers. Some people have done a masterful job of marketing themselves—David Beckham, Oprah Winfrey, and the Rolling Stones. Management consultant Tom Peters, a master at self-branding, has advised each person to become a “brand.” PLACES Cities, states, regions, and whole nations compete to attract tourists, residents, factories, and company headquarters. Place marketers include The Rolling Stones have done a masterful job of marketing their rebellious form of rock and roll economic development specialists, real estate agents, commercial banks, to audiences of all ages. local business associations, and advertising and public relations agencies. PROPERTIES Properties are intangible rights of ownership to either real property (real estate) or financial property (stocks and bonds). They are bought and sold, and these exchanges require marketing. Real estate agents work for property owners or sellers, or they buy and sell residential or commercial real estate. Investment companies and banks market securities to both institutional and individual investors. ORGANIZATIONS Organizations work to build a strong, favorable, and unique image in the minds of their target publics. In the United Kingdom, Tesco’s “Every Little Helps” marketing program reflects the food marketer’s attention to detail in everything it does, within the store and in the community and environment. INFORMATION The production, packaging, and distribution of information are major industries.13 Information is essentially what books, schools, and universities produce, market, and distribute at a price to parents, students, and communities. IDEAS Every market offering includes a basic idea. Charles Revson of Revlon once Milk consumption was declining, putting a observed: “In the factory we make cosmetics; in the drugstore we sell hope.” billion-dollar industry at risk. So a clutch of Products and services are platforms for delivering some idea or benefit. Social new marketing groups, created by the marketers are busy promoting such ideas as “Friends Don’t Let Friends Drive government and funded by a flood of cash, Drunk” and “A Mind Is a Terrible Thing to Waste. took a new tack: advertising. Marketers are skilled at stimulating demand for their products, but that’s a limited view of what they do. Just as production and logistics professionals are responsible for supply management, marketers are responsible for demand management. They seek to influence the level, timing, and composition of demand to meet the organization’s objectives. Eight demand states are possible: 1. Negative demand—Consumers dislike the product and may even pay to avoid it. 2. Nonexistent demand—Consumers may be unaware of or uninterested in the product. 3. Latent demand—Consumers may share a strong need that cannot be satisfied by an existing product. 4. Declining demand—Consumers begin to buy the product less frequently or not at all. 5. Irregular demand—Consumer purchases vary on a seasonal, monthly, weekly, daily, or even hourly basis. 6. Full demand—Consumers are adequately buying all products put into the Why the market for skin whitening is marketplace. growing? 7. Overfull demand—More consumers would like to buy the product than can Video Link: be satisfied. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cjzvvg 8. Unwholesome demand—Consumers may be attracted to products that mg1NU have undesirable social consequences. Core Marketing Concepts To understand the marketing function, we need to understand the following core set of concepts: Needs are the basic human requirements such as for air, food, water, clothing, and shelter. Humans also have strong needs for recreation, education, and entertainment. These needs become wants when they are directed to specific objects that might satisfy the need. A U.S. consumer needs food but may want a Philly cheesesteak and an iced tea. A person in Afghanistan needs food but may want rice, lamb, and carrots. Wants are shaped by our society Demands are wants for specific products backed by an ability to pay. Many people want a Mercedes; only a few are able to buy one. Companies must measure not only how many people want their product, but also how many are willing and able to buy it. We can distinguish five types of needs: 1. Stated needs (The customer wants an inexpensive car.) 2. Real needs (The customer wants a car whose operating cost, not initial price, is low.) 3. Unstated needs (The customer expects good service from the dealer.) 4. Delight needs (The customer would like the dealer to include an onboard GPS navigation system.) 5. Secret needs (The customer wants friends to see him or her as a savvy consumer.) Target Markets, Positioning, and Segmentation Not everyone likes the same cereal, restaurant, college, or movie. Therefore, marketers start by dividing the market into segments. They identify and profile distinct groups of buyers who might prefer or require varying product and service mixes by examining demographic, psychographic, and behavioral differences among buyers. After identifying market segments, the marketer decides which present the greatest opportunities— which are its target markets. For each, the firm develops a market offering that it positions in the minds of the target buyers as delivering some central benefit(s). Volvo develops its cars for buyers to whom safety is a major concern, positioning its Volvo is the safest car brand in the vehicles as the safest a customer can buy. world because it has consistently proven itself in safety testing, been a leader in safety innovations for Offerings and Brands decades, focused on accident Companies address customer needs by putting forth a value proposition, a set prevention through features and of benefits that satisfy those needs. The intangible value proposition is made handling, and prioritized the safety of everyone on the road. physical by an offering, which can be a combination of products, services, information, and experiences. A brand is an offering from a known source. A brand name such as McDonald’s carries many associations in people’s minds that make up its image: hamburgers, cleanliness, convenience, courteous service, and golden arches. All companies strive to build a brand image with as many strong, favorable, and unique brand associations as possible. Value and Satisfaction The buyer chooses the offerings he or she perceives to deliver the most value, the sum of the tangible and intangible benefits and costs to her. Value, a central marketing concept, is primarily a combination of quality, service, and price (qsp), called the customer value triad. Value perceptions increase with quality and service but decrease with price. We can think of marketing as the identification, creation, communication, delivery, and monitoring of customer value. Satisfaction reflects a person’s judgment of a product’s perceived performance in relationship to expectations. If the performance falls short of expectations, the customer is disappointed. If it matches expectations, the customer is satisfied. If it exceeds them, the customer is delighted. Marketing Channels To reach a target market, the marketer uses three kinds of marketing channels. Communication channels deliver and receive messages from target buyers and include newspapers, magazines, radio, television, mail, telephone, billboards, posters, fliers, CDs, audiotapes, and the Internet. Beyond these, firms communicate through the look of their retail stores and Web sites and other media. Marketers are increasingly adding dialogue channels such as e-mail, blogs, and toll-free numbers to familiar monologue channels such as ads. The marketer uses distribution channels to display, sell, or deliver the physical product or service(s) to the buyer or user. These channels may be direct via the Internet, mail, or mobile phone or telephone, or indirect with distributors, wholesalers, retailers, and agents as intermediaries. To carry out transactions with potential buyers, the marketer also uses service channels that include warehouses, transportation companies, banks, and insurance companies. Marketers clearly face a design challenge in choosing the best mix of communication, distribution, and service channels for their offerings. Supply Chain The supply chain is a longer channel stretching from raw materials to components to finished products carried to final buyers. The supply chain for coffee may start with Ethiopian farmers who plant, tend, and pick the coffee beans, selling their harvest to wholesalers or perhaps a Fair Trade cooperative. If sold through the cooperative, the coffee is washed, dried, and packaged for shipment by an Alternative Trading Organization (ATO) that pays a minimum of $1.26 a pound. The ATO transports the coffee to the developing world where it can sell it directly or via retail channels. Each company captures only a certain percentage of the total value generated by the supply chain’s value delivery Starbucks sued for allegedly using coffee from farms with rights abuses while system. When a company acquires competitors touting its 'ethical' sourcing. The lawsuit calls for the coffee chain to end its or expands upstream or downstream, its aim is “unfair and deceptive” trade practices and argues that the company is aware of to capture a higher percentage of supply chain the child and forced labor on some of its supplier farms. value. Competition Competition includes all the actual and potential rival offerings and substitutes a buyer might consider. An automobile manufacturer can buy steel from U.S. Steel in the United States, from a foreign firm in Japan or Korea, or from a minimill such as Nucor at a cost savings, or it can buy aluminum for certain parts from Alcoa to reduce the car’s weight, or engineered plastics from Saudi Basic Industries Corporation (SABIC) instead of steel. Clearly, U.S. Steel would be thinking too narrowly about its Mukesh Dhirubhai Ambani is an Indian businessman and the competition if it thought only of other integrated steel chairman and managing director of Reliance Industries. With companies. In the long run, U.S. Steel is more likely to an estimated net worth of $123.3 billion as of July 2024, he be hurt by substitute products than by other steel is the richest person in Asia and 11th richest in the world. companies. Marketing Environment The marketing environment consists of the task environment and the broad environment. The task environment includes the actors engaged in producing, distributing, and promoting the offering. These are the company, suppliers, distributors, dealers, and target customers. In the supplier group are material suppliers and service suppliers, such as marketing research agencies, advertising agencies, banking and insurance companies, transportation companies, and telecommunications companies. Distributors and dealers include agents, brokers, manufacturer representatives, and others who facilitate finding and selling to customers. The broad environment consists of six components: demographic environment, economic environment, social-cultural environment, natural environment, technological environment, and political-legal environment. Marketers must pay close attention to the trends and developments in these and adjust their marketing strategies as needed. New opportunities are constantly emerging that await the right marketing savvy and ingenuity. The New Marketing Realities We can say with some confidence that the marketplace isn’t what it used to be. It is dramatically different from what it was even 10 years ago. Major Societal Forces Today, major, and sometimes interlinking, societal forces have created new marketing behaviors, opportunities, and challenges. Here are 12 key ones. Network information technology. The digital revolution has created an Information Age that promises to lead to more accurate levels of production, more targeted communications, and more relevant pricing. Globalization. Technological advances in transportation, shipping, and communication have made it easier for companies to market in, and consumers to buy from, almost any country in the world. International travel has continued to grow as more people work and play in other countries. Deregulation. Many countries have deregulated industries to create How marketers target your nose greater competition and growth opportunities. In the United States, laws restricting financial services, telecommunications, and electric Video Link: utilities have all been loosened in the spirit of greater competition. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P81i66_tLlU  Privatization. Many countries have converted public companies to private ownership and management to increase their efficiency, such as the massive telecom company Telefónica CTC in Chile and the international airline British Airways in the United Kingdom. Heightened competition. Intense competition among domestic and foreign brands raises marketing costs and shrinks profit margins. Brand manufacturers are further buffeted by powerful retailers that market their own store brands. Many strong brands have become megabrands and extended into a wide variety of related product categories, presenting a significant competitive threat. Industry convergence. Industry boundaries are blurring as companies recognize new opportunities at the intersection of two or more industries. The computing and consumer electronics industries are converging, for example, as Apple, Sony, and Samsung release a stream of entertainment devices from MP3 players to plasma TVs and camcorders. Digital technology fuels this massive convergence.  Retail transformation. Store-based retailers face competition from catalog houses; directmail firms; newspaper, magazine, and TV direct-to-customer ads; home shopping TV; and e-commerce. In response, entrepreneurial retailers are building entertainment into their stores with coffee bars, demonstrations, and performances, marketing an “experience” rather than a product assortment. Dick’s Sporting Goods has grown from a single bait-andtackle store in Binghamton, New York, into a 300-store sporting goods retailer in 30 states. Part of its success springs from the interactive features of its stores. Customers can test golf clubs in indoor ranges, sample shoes on its footwear track, and shoot bows in its archery range. Disintermediation. The amazing success of early dot-coms such as AOL, Amazon.com, Yahoo!, eBay, E*TRADE, and others created disintermediation in the delivery of products and services by intervening in the traditional flow of goods through distribution channels. These firms struck terror into the hearts of established manufacturers and retailers. In response, traditional companies engaged in reintermediation and became “brick-and-click” retailers, adding online services to their offerings. Some became stronger contenders than pure-click firms, because they had a larger pool of resources to work with and established brand names.  Consumer buying power. In part, due to disintermediation via the Internet, consumers have substantially increased their buying power. From the home, office, or mobile phone, they can compare product prices and features and order goods online from anywhere in the world 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, bypassing limited local offerings and realizing significant price savings. Even business buyers can run a reverse auction in which sellers compete to capture their business. They can readily join others to aggregate their purchases and achieve deeper volume discounts. Consumer information. Consumers can collect information in as much breadth and depth as they want about practically anything. They can access online encyclopedias, dictionaries, medical information, movie ratings, consumer reports, newspapers, and other information sources in many languages from anywhere in the world. Personal connections and user-generated content thrive on social media such as Facebook, Flickr (photos), Del.icio.us (links), Digg (news stories), Wikipedia (encyclopedia articles), and YouTube (video).23 Social networking sites—such as Dogster for dog lovers, TripAdvisor for ardent travelers, and Moterus for bikers—bring together consumers with a common interest. At CarSpace.com auto enthusiasts talk about chrome rims, the latest BMW model, and where to find a great local mechanic.  Consumer participation. Consumers have found an amplified voice to influence peer and public opinion. In recognition, companies are inviting them to participate in designing and even marketing offerings to heighten their sense of connection and ownership. Consumers see their favorite companies as workshops from which they can draw out the offerings they want. Consumer resistance. Many customers today feel there are fewer real product differences, so they show less brand loyalty and become more price- and quality-sensitive in their search for value, and less tolerant about undesired marketing. A Yankelovich study found record levels of marketing resistance from consumers; a majority reported negative opinions about marketing and advertising and said they avoid products they feel are overmarketed. The Product Concept The product concept proposes that consumers favor products offering the most quality, performance, or innovative features. However, managers are sometimes caught in a love affair with their products. They might commit the “better-mousetrap” fallacy, believing a better product will by itself lead people to beat a path to their door. A new or improved product will not necessarily be successful unless it’s priced, distributed, advertised, and sold properly. The Selling Concept The selling concept holds that consumers and businesses, if left alone, won’t buy enough of the organization’s products. It is practiced most aggressively with unsought goods—goods buyers don’t normally think of buying such as insurance and cemetery plots—and when firms with overcapacity aim to sell what they make, rather than make what the market wants. Marketing based on hard selling is risky. It assumes customers coaxed into buying a product not only won’t return or bad- mouth it or complain to consumer organizations but might even buy it again. The Marketing Concept The marketing concept emerged in the mid-1950s41 as a customer-centered, sense-and-respond philosophy. The job is to find not the right customers for your products, but the right products for your customers. Dell doesn’t prepare a perfect computer for its target market. Rather, it provides product platforms on which each person customizes the features he or she desires in the computer. The marketing concept holds that the key to achieving organizational goals is being more effective than competitors in creating, delivering, and communicating superior customer value to your target markets. Harvard’s Theodore Levitt drew a perceptive contrast between the selling and marketing concepts: Selling focuses on the needs of the seller; marketing on the needs of the buyer. Selling is preoccupied with the seller’s need to convert his product into cash; marketing with the idea of satisfying the needs of the customer by means of the product and the whole cluster of things associated with creating, delivering, and finally consuming it.42 Several scholars found that companies embracing the marketing concept at that time achieved superior performance. The Holistic Marketing Concept Without question, the trends and forces that have defined the first decade of the 21st century are leading business firms to a new set of beliefs and practices. “Marketing Memo: Marketing Right and Wrong” suggests where companies go wrong—and how they can get it right—in their marketing. The holistic marketing concept is based on the development, design, and implementation of marketing programs, processes, and activities that recognize their breadth and interdependencies. Holistic marketing acknowledges that everything matters in marketing—and that a broad, integrated perspective is often necessary. Relationship Marketing Increasingly, a key goal of marketing is to develop deep, enduring relationships with people and organizations that directly or indirectly affect the success of the firm’s marketing activities. Relationship marketing aims to build mutually satisfying long-term relationships with key constituents in order to earn and retain their business. Integrated Marketing Integrated marketing occurs when the marketer devises marketing activities and assembles marketing programs to create, communicate, and deliver value for consumers such that “the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.” Two key themes are that (1) many different marketing activities can create, communicate, and deliver value and (2) marketers should design and implement any one marketing activity with all other activities in mind. Internal Marketing Internal marketing, an element of holistic marketing, is the task of hiring, training, and motivating able employees who want to serve customers well. It ensures that everyone in the organization embraces appropriate marketing principles, especially senior management. Smart marketers recognize that marketing activities within the company can be as important—or even more important— than those directed outside the company. It makes no sense to promise excellent service before the company’s staff is ready to provide it. Performance Marketing Performance marketing requires understanding the financial and nonfinancial returns to business and society from marketing activities and programs. Top marketers are increasingly going beyond sales revenue to examine the marketing scorecard and interpret what is happening to market share, customer loss rate, customer satisfaction, product quality, and other measures. They are also considering the legal, ethical, social, and environmental effects of marketing activities and programs. Updating The Four Ps McCarthy classified various marketing activities into marketing-mix tools of four broad kinds, which he called the four Ps of marketing: product, price, place, and promotion. People reflects, in part, internal marketing and the fact that employees are critical to marketing success. Marketing will only be as good as the people inside the organization. It also reflects the fact that marketers must view consumers as people to understand their lives more broadly, and not just as they shop for and consume products and services. Processes reflects all the creativity, discipline, and structure brought to marketing management. Marketers must avoid ad hoc planning and decision making and ensure that state-of-the-art marketing ideas and concepts play an appropriate role in all they do. Only by instituting the right set of processes to guide activities and programs can a firm engage in mutually beneficial long-term relationships. Another important set of processes guides the firm in imaginatively generating insights and breakthrough products, services, and marketing activities. Programs reflects all the firm’s consumer-directed activities. It encompasses the old four Ps as well as a range of other marketing activities that might not fit as neatly into the old view of marketing. Regardless of whether they are online or offline, traditional or nontraditional, these activities must be integrated such that their whole is greater than the sum of their parts and they accomplish multiple objectives for the firm. We define performance as in holistic marketing, to capture the range of possible outcome measures that have financial and nonfinancial implications (profitability as well as brand and customer equity), and implications beyond the company itself (social responsibility, legal, ethical, and community related). Finally, these new four Ps actually apply to all disciplines within the company, and by thinking this way, managers grow more closely aligned with the rest of the company Understanding Management Marketing Lesson 01 Presented by: Mr. Daryl A. Javier Subject Instructor Marketing Debate Does Marketing Create or Satisfy Needs? Marketing has often been defined in terms of satisfying customers’ needs and wants. Critics, however, maintain that marketing goes beyond that and creates needs and wants that did not exist before. They feel marketers encourage consumers to spend more money than they should on goods and services they do not really need. Take a position: Marketing shapes consumer needs and wants versus Marketing merely reflects the needs and wants of consumers.