Lecture 1: Introduction To Biochemistry PDF

Lecture 1 Introduction To Biochemistry By Assist.Prof.Dr. Fatimah J Al-Hasani  Biochemistry is a hybrid science: Biology is the science of living organisms and chemistry is the science of atoms and molecules, so biochemistry is the science of the atoms and molecules in living...

Lecture 1 Introduction To Biochemistry By Assist.Prof.Dr. Fatimah J Al-Hasani  Biochemistry is a hybrid science: Biology is the science of living organisms and chemistry is the science of atoms and molecules, so biochemistry is the science of the atoms and molecules in living organisms. Its domain encompasses all the living world with the unifying interest in the chemical structures and reactions that occur in living systems. Where can you find biochemistry? All through science, medicine, and agriculture.  What is Biochemistry ? Significance: be essential to all life sciences as the common knowledge –Genetics; Cell biology; Molecular biology –Physiology and Immunology –Pharmacology and Pharmacy –Toxicology; Pathology; Microbiology –Zoology and Botany –Agriculture –Industrial applications –Environmental implications  Life has 3 requirements 1)ENERGY: which it must know how to: Extract Transform Utilize  Adenosine 5′-triphosphate, abbreviated ATP and usually expressed without the 5′-, is an important “energy molecule” found in all life forms. Specifically, it is a coenzyme that works with enzymes such as ATP triphosphatase to transfer energy to cells by releasing its phosphate groups. The molecule consists of three components: an adenine bicyclic system, a furanose ring, and a triphosphate chain. Glycolysis is the preferred pathway for the formation of ATP  Glycolysis is used by all cells in the body for energy generation. The final product of glycolysis is pyruvate in aerobic settings and lactate in anaerobic conditions. Pyruvate enters the Krebs cycle for further energy production. Anabolism and catabolism are the two broad classes of biochemical reactions that make up metabolism. Anabolism is the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones. These chemical reactions require energy. Catabolism is the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones. These reactions release energy. Anabolic and catabolic pathways typically work together, with the energy from catabolism providing the energy for anabolism. (2) SIMPLE MOLECULES, which it must know how to: Convert Polymerize Degrade (3) CHEMICAL MECHANISMS, to: Harness energy Drive sequential chemical reactions Synthesize & degrade macromolecules Maintain a dynamic steady state Self-assemble complex structures Replicate accurately & efficiently Maintain biochemical “order” vs outside  Organization of Life elements simple organic compounds (monomers) macromolecules (polymers) supramolecular structures organelles cells tissues organisms Biomolecules as polymers Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic acid Each of these types of molecules are polymers that are assembled from single units called monomers. Each type of macromolecule is an assemblage of a different type of monomer  Common theme: Monomers form polymers through condensations Polymers are broken down through hydrolysis.  Principle areas of Biochemistry Structure and function of cellular components (i.e.) proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules Metabolism (catabolic and anabolic processes) and its regulation Molecular Genetics: -Gene expression and modulation -Regulation of protein synthesis -How life is replicated DNA RNA Protein