Lecture 1 (Fall 2024) Introduction to ERTH 2401 PDF

LECTURE 1: ERTH 2401 DINOSAURS Instructor: Dr. Michael J Ryan  LECTURE 1: ERTH 2401 DINOSAURS t 1; Ch. 1, p 13-25; Ch. 2, p 33-39; Ch. 15, p 400- Outline Part 1: Introduction to the course Part 2: What is a dinosaur? (M Ryan & Nat. Geo video) Part 3:...

LECTURE 1: ERTH 2401 DINOSAURS Instructor: Dr. Michael J Ryan  LECTURE 1: ERTH 2401 DINOSAURS t 1; Ch. 1, p 13-25; Ch. 2, p 33-39; Ch. 15, p 400- Outline Part 1: Introduction to the course Part 2: What is a dinosaur? (M Ryan & Nat. Geo video) Part 3: A Brief History of Life on Earth Review  LECTURE 1: ERTH 2401 DINOSAURS t 1; Ch. 1, p 13-25; Ch. 2, p 33-39; Ch. 15, p 400- Objectives Understand the structure and objectives of the course Understand the course syllabus, including the dates of the midterms, how to request academic accommodation, and how to contact your instructor and TAs Understand what is a dinosaur Know how to read the geological time scale and what dates you are required to know Understand the important events in Earth History  Image: Aurora Models Photo: D. Evans Photos: M Ryan Photo: D. Dr. Michael Ryan – [email protected] Reynolds  ERTH 2401 TAs Caelan Libke Lea Veine- [email protected] Tonizzo arleton.ca [email protected] Biogeography of dinosaurs in the Macroecology of latest the meadow vole Cretaceous Microtus Derek Wilson Sabs Wimmerin pennsylvanicus [email protected] Canada [email protected] arleton.ca eton.ca Diet, migrations, and climate Earth's deep time response of Late history, Ice Age North emergence and American evolution of life,  ERTH 2401 TAs Your Teaching Assistants are: Caelan Libke (A to C): [email protected] Lea Veine-Tonizzo (D to Ka): [email protected] Derek Wilson (Kb to Pa): [email protected] Sabs Wimmer (Pb to Z): [email protected] You have been assigned a specific TA based on the first letter of your last name (see above) If you have a question about the course content, please contact your TA by email to set up a meeting Course Textbook: Dinosaurs, 4th edition Cambridge Univ. Press  COURSE ACCOMADATIONS If you require an accomodation for the course these must be registered with the Paul Menton Centre (PMC) for Students with Disabilities (https://carleton.ca/pmc/) who will provide you with a letter of accomodation.  LECTURES ERTH 2401 will have two 80 minute lectures each week, Tuesday and Thursday from 1:05 pm to 2:25 pm EDT. The last lecture will be on Thursday Dec 5, 2024.  MIDTERMS Midterm 1: 30%, 80 minutes. Tuesday, Oct 3, 2024, 11:05 – 2:25 am EDT (covers lectures 1 to 8) Midterm 2: 30%, 80 minutes. Thursday, Nov 5, 2024, 1:05 – 2:25 pm (covers lectures 9 to 15) Midterms are scheduled for 80 minutes (the length of a regular class timeslot) and will replace a lecture on the date of the midterm. The midterm will typically consist of approximately 62 questions: 30 multiple choice, 30 true & false questions, and two short answer questions (to be answered with short statements or bullet points).  FINAL EXAM Final Exam: 30%, 2 hours TBA (covers lectures 16 to 23). The final exam is scheduled for two (2) hours and will consist of 40 multiple choice, 40 true & false questions, and three (3) short answer questions. The Registrar’s office will schedule the time and date of your final exam.  IN CLASS GRADED QUESTIONS Each class will have a graded component, typically a question or questions that will be asked and answered in class through WooClap. For this you will need to be able to open a second browser window to access BrightSpace. The in-class graded component will total 10% of your total final grade for the course. You have to be in attendance to complete the in class graded component.  What Is A Dinosaur? ? ? ? ? ? ? Image: Pixar  Marine Reptiles Pterosaurs Ichthyosaurs Plesiosaurs Mosasaurs Synapsida crocodiles (Sphenacodontia: Dimetrodon)  Not Dinosaurs Marine Reptiles Pterosaurs Ichthyosaurs Plesiosaurs Mosasaurs Synapsida crocodiles (Sphenacodontia: Dimetrodon)  FASTOVSKY fig 4.14 © Cambridge University Press 2016 Dinosauria: Triceratops horridus, Passer domesticus (sparrow; a representative derived bird), © Cambridgeand Universityall Press 2016  FASTOVSKY fig 4.7 © Cambridge University Press 2016 Dinosaurs are tetrapods. 1- tetrapod skeleton. 2 –lower Temporal Fenestra (TF). 3 – presence of amnion. 4 – lower & upper TF. 5 – antorbital fenestra. Dingus & Rowe 1997 Dingus & Rowe 1997 errestrial (not permanently adapted to aquatic life) resence of scales or feathers emur head turned into socket egs fully under body (bipedal) giving them a narrow gait. © Cambridge University Press 2016 Dinosaurs Are Found On Every Continent https://www.geosociety.org/GSA/GSA/timescale/home.aspx  66.0 Ma 100.5 Ma From the geological time scale know: 145.0 Ma Ages, Epochs and Periods of the Mesozoic 201.3 Ma Age (Ma) for the start & end of the periods of the Mesozoic 251.9 Ma t Chart: https://www.geosociety.org/GSA/Education_Careers/Geologic_Time_Scale/GSA/timescale/home.aspx A Short History of Life on Earth Late Proterozoic Image: Ron Blakey 600 MA  Late Proterozoic (1000 – 541 Ma) 750 Ma - First protozoa marks beginning of animal evolution. 600 Ma – Oxygen accumulates in atmosphere forming for the formation of an ozone layer. 550 Ma - First fossil evidence for comb jellies, sponges, corals; first animals with bilateral symmetry. Sohail Wasif / UC, Riverside Early Cambrian Image: Ron Blakey 540 MA  Early Cambrian (541 – 509 Ma) st modern phyla of animals begin to appear in the fossil ord during the Cambrian explosion or diversification of living things in the oceans: rdates, arthropods (e.g. trilobites, crustaceans), inoderms, molluscs, etc. ylum Chordata: possess a notochord, a dorsal nerve cord, aryngeal slits, and a post-anal tail. Bilateral symmetry. Haikouichthys Nobu Tamura www.palaeocritti.com By Piotr Michał Jaworskihttps://commons.wikimedia.org/ w/index.php?curid=4481198 Middle Cambrian Image: Ron Blakey 510 MA  Middle Cambrian (509 – 497 Ma) ~508 Ma - Burgess Shale fauna preserved. One of the earliest fossil beds containing soft-bodied animal imprints UC Berkeley Late Ordovician Image: Ron Blakey 450 MA  Late Ordovician Throughout the Ordovician life continued to diversify and Cambrian forms went extinct. First chondrichthyan (shark)- like scales. The Ordovician ends with the second-largest of Earth’s five major extinction events; 49–60% of marine genera and nearly 85% of marine species were lost. Silurian Image: Ron Blakey 430 MA  Silurian (444 – 419 Ma) 430 Ma - First cartilaginous fishes (sharks) in the fossil record 420 Ma – First appearance of jawed & bony fish. More complex vascular plants, spider-like arachnids and land scorpions appear on the land Cooksoni a - the oldest 40 mm known land plant https://www.bizleyart.com/gallery/prehistoric/palaeozoic/silurian/1716-cookonia-477 Early Devonian Image: Ron Blakey 400 MYA  Early Devonian (419 – 393 Ma) THE AGE OF FISHES: Oceans dominated by Placodermi; sharks diversify Plants evolve leaves and roots; lycopod forests cover the land; terrestrial arthropods diverse and become common Sea Level is high and vast coral reef systems develop (= modern oil reserves) Public Domain Lee Hall Late Devonian Image: Ron Blakey 370 MYA  Late Devonian (383 – 359 Ma) Tetrapods can support their bodies and invade the land Late Devonian extinction starts ~ 375 Ma killing all placoderms & 99% of trilobites Carboniferous Image: Ron Blakey 340 MA  Carboniferous (359-323 Ma) Continents collided to form Pangaea. Amphibians dominant land vertebrates, some >2m. Vast forests (seed ferns, cycads, lycophytes) & horse-tails covered the land – the source modern coal beds Amniote egg evolves allowing reptiles to rapidly evolve and Late Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)(323 – 299 Ma) to mammals) separate ~ 320 Ma - Synapsids (precursors from other reptiles Diapsid skull (reptile – two openings) Synapsid skull (mammal– one opening) ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-SA 3.0) CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=5180189 Carboniferous Rainforest Collapse occurred as climate changed from hot & humid to cool & arid (driven by glaciations) Towering lycopsid forests were replaced by much less diverse tree-ferns Permian Image: Ron Blakey 260 MA  Permian (299 – 251 Ma) Carboniferous rainforest collapse creates vast inland deserts. Early conifers, ginkos & cycads radiate. Ancestral amniote groups of the modern mammals, turtles, & archosaurs arise. Dimetrodon borealis from Prince Edward Island Image: Danielle Dufault.  Permian–Triassic Extinction Largest mass extinction in Earth's history Up to 95% of marine species & 70% land organisms go ext Ecosystems took 30 million years to recover in the Triassic. Creative Commons  Early Triassic Globe dominated by Pangaea Early Triassic sees life recovering from the Permian-Triassic extinction event Carboniferous amphibians replaced by reptil Early Triassic 240 MA Image: Ron Blakey Late Triassic (237 – 201 Ma) 220 MA Image: Ron Blakey  Late Triassic (237 – 201 Ma) Early theropod dinosaurs evolve (e.g., Coelophysis) and other basal dinosaurs first appear; first pterosaurs Creative Commons CMNH  Late Triassic (237 – 201 Ma) Triassic mass extinction was severest in the oceans 22% of marine families & possibly up to half of marine genera went missing All the marine reptiles except ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs lost. Creative Commons Jurassic (201 – 174 Ma) Image: Ron Blakey 150 MA  Jurassic (201 – 174 Ma) First lizards and birds appear Ichthyosaurs & plesiosaurs dominate the oceans Pterosaurs rule the skies. Mammals diversify, but most remain small. ‘THE GOLDEN AGE OF DINOSAURS’ - all major groups of dinosaurs appear by the end of the Jurassic Spinosaurus Late Cretaceous Image: Ron Blakey 90 MA  Late Cretaceous (100 – 66 Ma) ~90 Ma – hadrosaurs and ceratopsians diversify; Tyrannosaurs dominate the N Hemisphere; abelisaurs in S Hemisphere Extinction of ichthyosaurs; mosasaurs evolve & dominate the seas Papo Toys Carnotaurus (Abelisauridae), Argentina Tyrannosaurus (Tyrannosauridae), NA  Cretaceous/Paleogene Boundary 66.0 Ma Image: Ron Blakey 66 MA All non-avian (bird) dinosaurs go extinct During the Mesozoic, the continents separated to close to their present positions Late Triassic: Single supercontinent, Pangaea. Extreme climates. Late Cretaceous: Continents approaching current positions. Late Jurassic: Greenhouse Pangaea conditions separates into for last ~30 Ma. two large continents: Gondwana Universal Press Syndicate