LECTURE 1 BLOOD.pdf

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 1.Colour: Arterial red oxyhemoglubin, Venous dark reduced HB 2.Specific gravity: 1060 3.Viscosity it is a physical character by which the blood resist any change in its shape , it is = 4, mainly due to RBC and fibrinogen Peripheral resistance maintaining arterial BP 4.Osmotic pr...

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 1.Colour: Arterial red oxyhemoglubin, Venous dark reduced HB 2.Specific gravity: 1060 3.Viscosity it is a physical character by which the blood resist any change in its shape , it is = 4, mainly due to RBC and fibrinogen Peripheral resistance maintaining arterial BP 4.Osmotic pressure: 5000 mmHg ,it is mainly due to crystalloids (Na, Cl) the colloid osmotic pressure 25-30 mmHg due to plasma protein (albumin) GENERAL FUNCTION 1.Transport function… O2, CO2, digested food, active substances 2. Defensive function…, WBC fighting the pathogen….AB 3. Hemostatic function: formation of platelet blug AND BLOOD CLOT maintaining interstitial fluid constant COMPOSITION 1. 55% plasma water 90% dissolved substances 10%: 1.plasma proteins 2.inorganic substances e.g Na, K, Ca 3.organic substances nutrients…. 2. 45% cells RBC, WBC, PLATELETS  Hematocrit % ratio of RBC volume to total blood volume =45% Total blood volume = 5 litters Plasma proteins concentration 6-8 gm/ 100mg plasma composition(types) 1. Albumin 2. Globulin (alpha. B, Gama) 3. Fibrinogen 4. Prothrombin  SITE OF FORMATION (SYNTHESIS) ALBUMEN, FIBRINOGEN, PROTHROMBIN, AND MOST OF THE GLOBULIN (ALPH AND BETA 50-80% OF GLOBULIN) ARE FORMED IN THE LIVER, GAMMA GLOBULINS (20-50% OF GLOBULIN) ARE FORMED IN THE LYMPHOID TISSUE( L.NODE, LIVER, SPLEEN, BONE MARROW). Pl. protein Concentration MW Albumin 3.5-5 gm % 70.000 Globulin 2-3.5gm 150.000 (alpha. B, Gama) Fibrinogen 400mg% 400.000 Prothrombin 10mg 350.000 Functions of plasma proteins 1.specific function A). Osmotic pressure of plasma…albumin responsible for 80% of OSM.PR due to (its highest concentration and smallest molecular size) B). Defensive function…gamma globulins act as antibodies protect us from microorganisms and their toxins C).Viscosity of plasma……fibrinogen is responsible for it due to its elongated molecules and large MW D). Clotting of blood…..is the function of fibrinogen and prothrombin 2.non specific function A) Buffering function: at normal blood ph. 7.4 plasma proteins preventing excessive change in PH B) carrier function: act as carrier for many substances e.g. vit A, thyroxin and insulin hormones , iron and CU and Ca+ ion C) regulation of capillary permeability the pore of capillary wall are partially blocked by pl. proteins ,,,so decrease of pl proteins increase the permeability D) protein reserve during starvation Osmotic pressure total osmotic pressure of plasma =5000mmhg factors contributing for osmotic pressure 1. Crystalloids (Na+, K+, Cl-) 2. colloids (plasma proteins) Colloids are less powerful (responsible only for 25-30 mmhg of plasma osmotic pressure) but more important regarding moving of fluid across the capillary wall because plasma protein are present only in plasma Crystalloid are more powerful responsible for most of plasma osmotic pressure but less important in the movement of fluid across the capillary wall because they are present in the plasma and tissue fluid in the same concentration  colloids crystalloids Consist of : (plasma (Na+, K+, Cl-) proteins) Contribution for Less More plasma osmotic powerful powerful pressure moving of fluid more less across the capillary important important wall  Albumen globulin ratio It is the ratio of albumin to globulin in the plasma Normally it is 1.1-1.8 It decreases in cases of decrease albumin or increase globulin Decrease albumin results from…. Decrease its intake e.g. malnutrion, decrease its synthesis e.g. liver diseases, Increase its loss and catabolism e.g. kidney disease, burn, Increase globulin occur in ….. Chronic inflammation e.g. chronic hepatitis, some collagen diseases e.g. rheumatoid arthritis Red blood cell erythrocytes Number : 5 million/ mm in adult males 4.5 million /mm in adult females, more in newly born infant ORIGIN: site of formation Adults,,,,,, bone marrow of flat bones (red bone marrow) Children,,,, bone marrow of all bones Fetus,,,,, liver and spleen SHAPE: circular biconcave non nucleated discs Size : 90 cubic micron in volume, 7.5 micron in diameter, 2 micron in thickness Biconcavity increase the surface area and make the RBC to pass through the narrow capillaries without rupture PRODUCTION of RBCs (erythropoiesis) firstly..pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell in the bone marrow ++ by erythropoietin Proerythroplast…basophilerythroblast….poly chromatophil erythroblast….orthochromatic erythroblast….reticulocyte… mature erythrocyte. Maturation process take 5 days Life span: 120 days+_7days Factors affecting ERYTHROPOIESIS 1.O2 supply to tissues hypoxia Primary function of RBC is oxygen transport….,, 2.Hormones: e.g. androgens testosterone increase erythropoiesis by direct effect on bone marrow or by indirect effect thyroid hormones, cortisone stimulate general metabolism of all cell of the body including bone marrow cells. 3. Diet: proteins, vitamins: …..Vit B12 needed for RBC maturation and DNA synthesis metals e.g. iron:….ferrous state hem part of HB copper: …catalyst HB FORMATION cobalt:.. stimulate+++ ERYTHROPOIESIS 4.organs: Liver: essential for normal erythropoiesis because: ** formation globin part, ** store iron, copper, vit B12 ** Synthesize erythropoietin bone marrow site of normal erythropoiesis FUNCTION OF RBCs Function of membrane to enclose hemoglobin Function of contents: 1. hemoglobin carry O2 and CO2 and act as strong buffer system, 2.carbonic anhydrase enzyme catalyze the reaction between CO2 and H2O HEMOGLUBIN  HEAMOGLUBIN HB CONTENT: average 15 gram/100 ml STRUCTURE: each HB molecule consists of 4 subunits: each one composed of heam group + polypeptide chain of amino acid. heam group= (ferrous (Fe++) iron + protoporphyrine HB TYPES: depending on amino acid composition of polypeptide chains **. Physiological types 1. HB-A….Adult HB makes 98% of normal HB consist of 2 alpha 2 beta 2. HB-F.. Present before birth Consist of 2 alpha 2 gamma 3. HB-A2….CONTRIBUTE 2% consist of 2 alpha 2 sigma **.Pathological types 1. HB-S….. 2 abnormal B chains makes RBC sickle in shape,,,,,sickle cell anemia 2.HB-H….no alph chain 4 B chains ,,,,alpha thalassemia  Forms of HB (reactions) According to the reaction of heam part 1. Normal forms Oxy HB: HB + O2 each HB molecule attached to 4 O2 molecules Carb amino HB: in which CO2 attached to protein part of HB,,,,HB+CO2 2. Abnormal forms: Carboxy HB: HB+CO( Carbon monoxide) CHERRY RED. Met HB: HB ,,,STRONG OXIDATION ,,Fe++ to Fe+++ Enzyme NADH methemoglubin reductase brown color…..Hereditary methemoglubin  Fate of old RBCs after 120 days ,old RBCs destroyed in tissue macrophage system (retic-endoth system) as follows: Hemoglobin …….(hem + globin) Globin ….amino acids used for protein synthesis Heam …...Fe++ + bilirubin Bilirubin ….plasma…….liver …..conjugated bilirubin…..intestine…..stercobilinogen……. 1/3 reabsorbed again Thank you