Acid-Base Titrations Lecture Notes PDF

# Acid-Base Titrations ## Introduction ### Qualitative Analysis - What is it? ### Quantitative Analysis - How much is there? ### Volumetric Analysis (Titration) - What is it? - depends on measuring _volume_ - Acid-base titration (aq. & non-aq) - Precipitation Titration - Compl...

# Acid-Base Titrations ## Introduction ### Qualitative Analysis - What is it? ### Quantitative Analysis - How much is there? ### Volumetric Analysis (Titration) - What is it? - depends on measuring _volume_ - Acid-base titration (aq. & non-aq) - Precipitation Titration - Complex-formation Titration - Redox Titration ### Gravimetric Analysis - depends on measuring _weight_ ### Instrumental Analysis - depends on _instruments_ ## General objectives of Acid-Base Titrations Course - Introduction - Classification of Quantitative Analysis - Volumetric Analysis (Titrimetric Analysis) (Titration) - Requirements of reactions in titrations - Standard Solutions [Primary and Secondary] - Methods of expressing concentration of standard solution - Important mathematical equations - Equivalence point and end point - Detection of the end point - Steps for determining a sample using titration - Types of titration methods - Direct / Back (Residual) / Displacement (Substitution) - Acid-base theories - Arrhenius theory / Bronsted-Lowry theory / Lewis theory - Examples - Acid-base equilibrium - pH of acids, bases, and salts - Buffer Solutions - Definition, composition, action, pH, capacity - Acid-base indicators - Definition, types, factors affecting their use - Titration curves and choice of acid-base indicators - Applications of acid-base titrations including determination of: - Acids (weak and strong) - Bases (weak and strong) - Salts - Mixture of acids - Mixture of bases - Kjeldahl method for determining proteins and nitrogen compounds - Biphasic Titration ## Volumetric Analysis - It is a method of quantitative analysis that depends on measuring the volume of a solution of known concentration (standard solution) needed to react _completely_ with a sample of unknown concentration. - It has different types based on the type of reaction involved in the titration. - acid-base - precipitation - complex-formation - redox - In its simplest form, the titration is done by placing the standard solution (Titrant) in the burette and the sample of unknown concentration is placed in a conical flask. - Analyte is the component of the sample that is determined, and it is sometimes called Titrand ## Titration - Titration is the process of adding a solution of known concentration (Titrant) to a solution of unknown concentration (Analyte) until the reaction between the two solutions is complete. - The point at which the reaction is complete is called the _equivalence point_. - The equivalence point can be detected by using an _indicator_, which changes color when the reaction is complete. ### Carrying out a titration - A diagram of the equipment and procedure is provided which shows 4 stages of a titration. - A: adding a solution of a solution of known concentration (Titrant) to a solution of unknown concentration (Analyte) using a pipette - B: swirling the flask, checking for color change using an indicator - C: titrating solution using a burette - D: titrating solution as the color changes The diagram shows a conical flask filled with a liquid. A burette is mounted on a retort stand above the flask. The burette is filled with a liquid and a drop is added to a solution in the conical flask. The color of the solution in the conical flask has changed from clear to pink.