Lecture 1: Organization of the Human Body PDF

1 Organisation of the Human Body Dr. Trez Nagy Physiology Departement Medical Research Institute 2  Physiology Lectures Introduction, body fluids, blood 7 lectures Autonomic nervous system...

1 Organisation of the Human Body Dr. Trez Nagy Physiology Departement Medical Research Institute 2  Physiology Lectures Introduction, body fluids, blood 7 lectures Autonomic nervous system 3 lectures Immunity, anemia and blood 3 lectures transfusion. 13 lectures 3  Quiz 6th Presentations Weekly Mid- term exam on 8th week Final practical exam at end of semester (15th week) Oral exam at end of semester (15th week) Final exam at end of semester (16th week) 4 Assessment At week Grade % form grade Quiz 6th 10 5 Presentation Weekly (3 - 10 5 14) Mid-Term 8th 20 10 Final written 15 100 50 exam Oral exam 16 30 15 Practical 15 30 15 exam 5  Learning Objectives Physiology definition. Understand the level of body organization The cell as the basic unit of life. 6  Physio + logy - - Logy: Physio: Science or study of Nature Definitions: It is the science that study of the function of living organisms and their parts, and how these functions are maintained in a changing environment. 7  Difference between Physiology and Anatomy - Anatomy : is the study of the structure - Physiology :is the study of the function 4  Level of Structural Organization of the Human Body 9  Smooth muscle cell Molecules 2 Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules Atoms 1 Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules Smooth muscle tissue Heart 3 Tissue level Tissues consist of Cardiovascular similar types of cells system Blood vessels Epithelial tissue Smooth Blood muscle vessel tissue (organ) 6 Organismal level Connective The human organism is tissue made up of many organ systems 4 Organ level Organs are made up of different 5 Organ system level types of tissues Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely 10  Chemical levels: Atoms joint to form molecules, Macromolecules are large such as DNA. Cell: The structural and functional unite of all living thing. Tissue: A group of cells with a common structure and function. Organ: Composed of tissue work together for certain task. System: Composed of several organs work together. Organism: Complex individuals contain many systems. 5 -The cell is the basic biological unit of life. -It is the smallest unit that is classified as a living thing, and is often called the building block of life (The basic unit of the body). -It was discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665 -Humans have about 75-100 trillion cells. -Cells are microscopic, a typical cell size is 10–100 µm. 12 Animal Cell Plant Cell Eukaryotes Prokaryotes  - The prokaryotic cell is much simpler in structure, Small in - Unicellular size (0.1 – 5 μm in size) - Circular DNA, lacking a nucleus and the other membrane-enclosed organelles of the eukaryotic cell. 9 Prokaryotes  Prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cells 10  Animal Cells Similarities Plant Cells Cell membrane Ribosomes Centrioles Nucleus Endoplasmic Cell Wall reticulum Golgi apparatus Chloroplasts Lysosomes Vacuoles Mitochondria Cytoskeleton Eukaryotes 1 6 Human Body Organization The Human Body is composed of Organ Systems are composed of Organs are composed of Tissues are composed of Cells  Eleven Body Systems work together. 1. Nervous System 2. Endocrine System 3. Lymphatic System 4. Circulatory System 5. Respiratory System 6. Digestive System 7. Excretory System 8.Skeletal System 9. Muscular System 10. Integumentary System 11. Reproductive System  What is the job of your circulatory system? To transport oxygen and nutrients around your body and to help to get rid of wastes What organs, or parts, make up your circulatory system? Arteries Veins Heart Blood  Digestive System Digestion is the process of breaking food into small molecules so that they can be absorbed and used by the body. Function: to change food into simpler molecules that can be absorbed into bloodstream and used by the body Major Organs : Organs that food will pass through Mouth Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Large intestine  Respiratory System Major Structures lungs, nose, mouth, trachea Functions moves air into and out of lungs; controls gas exchange between blood and lungs  Excretory System Functions Removes cellular wastes from blood and the body Major Structures kidneys urinary bladder ureters urethra skin, lungs  Muscular System Function: MOVEMENT Major Muscle Types Skeletal – Attached to bones for voluntary actions Smooth – Found in the digestive tract and the blood vessels to move food and blood. Control involuntary actions (you do not decide for them to work) Cardiac – Heart muscle cells are involuntary.  Skeletal System Major Structures bones and joints Functions protects organs shapes & supports the body interacts with skeletal muscles allows for movement produces blood cells in the bone marrow stores minerals calcium and phosphorous  Reproductive System Functions produces gametes Eggs (female) Sperm (male) Allows for the continuation of the species. Major Structures ovaries, uterus, and (in females) testes and penis (in males)  Nervous System Major Structures brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs Functions regulates behavior; maintains homeostasis; regulates other organ systems; controls sensory and motor functions  Endocrine System Functions: regulates body activities temperature, metabolism development, and reproduction maintains homeostasis regulates other organ systems Major Glands (organs): hypothalamus pituitary Pancreas Adrenal Thyroid testes and ovaries 30