BioA11 Metabolism And Disorders Lecture Notes PDF

2023-09-14 METABOLISM AND DISORDERS Text Reading: Chapter 2 1 BioA11 Introduction to the Biology of Humans • COURSE OBJECTIVES: INTRO Instructor: Karen Williams, PhD Office: SY210A Office hours: virtual::Thursday 11301200h ; in-person: Friday 1600h-1630h, or by appointment • • • _____________...

2023-09-14 METABOLISM AND DISORDERS Text Reading: Chapter 2 1 BioA11 Introduction to the Biology of Humans • COURSE OBJECTIVES: INTRO Instructor: Karen Williams, PhD Office: SY210A Office hours: virtual::Thursday 11301200h ; in-person: Friday 1600h-1630h, or by appointment • • • _______________ _______________ _______________ • See syllabus • Aim for this week: • 2. To be individually competent at reading and evaluating scientific literature Email: [email protected] 2 1 2023-09-14 Lecture day 2: metabolism & disorders • Outline • The molecules important for metabolism • The characteristics of life • How can we study metabolism and disorders? 3 What are these and are any alive? Dan Aamlid, Bugwood.org 1 Howard F. Schwartz, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org 2 Herbert A. 'Joe' Pase III, None, Bugwood.org 3 4 2 2023-09-14 © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 2.1 A Definition of Life Characteristics • Common set of biological molecules • Composed of cells • Growth • Movement • Reproduction • Response to external environmental stimuli • Metabolism • Maintain homeostasis 5 Source: Biology Now, 1st edition, W.W. Norton & Company Inc. 6 3 2023-09-14 © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Elements: fundamental forms of matter 7 © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. • Molecule: two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds • Water molecule • H2O • 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom 8 4 2023-09-14 © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 2.2 The Properties of Water • Water: a polar molecule • Different areas have different charges • Oxygen: more electronegative • Hydrogen: less electronegative (more positive) 9 © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 2.2 The Properties of Water • Hydrogen bonding • Weak attraction between molecules • Slightly negative oxygen attracted to slightly positive hydrogen 10 5 2023-09-14 © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 2.2 The Properties of Water Water’s structure enables special functions: • Being a good solvent • Facilitating chemical reactions • Being cohesive • Moderating temperature 11 © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 2.2 The Properties of Water A good solvent • Water’s polar structure • Dissolves salts • Dissolves other polar molecules • Hydrophilic: water-loving • E.g., alcohol • Will not dissolve nonpolar molecules • Hydrophobic: water-fearing • E.g., cooking oil Solution: a chemical mixture Solute: substance that dissolves in solvent Solvent: substance that dissolves solute 12 6 2023-09-14 © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Claim: drinking water during an exam helps students perform better - Regulate body temperature - Deliver dissolved nutrients to a hard working brain 13 Figure 2 © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 100 90 Average exam score 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Students brought water to exam Students did not bring water to exam 14 7 2023-09-14 © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 2.3 Organic chemistry • Chemistry of biological systems • Related to carbon-containing molecules • Interaction with other elements • E.g., hydrogen 15 © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Carbon • Able to form four bonds • Up to four different elements • Combinations of single and double bonds 16 8 2023-09-14 © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Carbon • Able to form four bonds • E.g. methane (CH4) = gas http://www.grisanik.com/static/images/51-ch4.png 17 Life Characteristics • Common set of biological molecules • Composed of cells • Growth • Movement • Reproduction • Response to external environmental stimuli • Metabolism • Maintain homeostasis 18 9 2023-09-14 © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 2.4 Biological Macromolecules Macromolecules • Large organic molecules • Made of monomer subunits • Found in living organisms: • • • • Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic acids 19 © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 2.4 Biological Macromolecules Carbohydrates • Molecules of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen (CHO) • Major source of energy • Major structural roles in cells • Made of sugar subunits = monomers • Monosaccharide: 1 sugar • Disaccharides: 2 sugars = polymers • Polysaccharide: many sugars 20 10 2023-09-14 © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 2.4 Biological Macromolecules Proteins • Made of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen • Many important functions in cells: catalyze reaction, serve as transport channels or chemical messengers • Amino acid subunits • 20 different amino acids • Joined by peptide bonds • Different amino acid combinations = different properties for proteins 21 © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 2.4 Biological Macromolecules Lipids • Composed mostly of carbon and hydrogen • Hydrophobic molecules 22 11 2023-09-14 © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 2.4 Biological Macromolecules Three types of lipids: • Fats: glycerol and three fatty acid tails • Store energy • Steroids: four fused carbon rings • Cholesterol and sex hormones • Phospholipids: glycerol molecule, two fatty acid tails, and a phosphate group • Component of cell membranes 23 © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 2.4 Biological Macromolecules Nucleic acids • Made of nucleotide monomer subunits • Nucleotide: sugar + phosphate + nitrogenous base 24 12 2023-09-14 © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 2.4 Biological Macromolecules Types of nucleic acids • RNA • For protein synthesis • Ribose sugar • DNA • Stores genetic information • Deoxyribose sugar • Double helix structure • Sugar-phosphate backbone • Rungs of nitrogen base pairs 25 © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 2.4 Biological Macromolecules Complementary base-pairing rules • Four different nitrogen bases • Purines • Adenine (A) • Guanine (G) • Pyrimidines • Thymine (T) • Cytosine (C) • Purines form hydrogen bonds with pyrimidines • A bonds with T • G bonds with C 26 13 2023-09-14 © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 2.4 Biological Macromolecules Diet, macromolecules, and behavior • Do certain foods affect your behavior? • Hyperactivity from sugar? • Multiple studies have indicated that there is no evidence for this, even though society still strongly believes this to be true! • Drowsiness from turkey? 27 © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 28 14 2023-09-14 Life Characteristics • Common set of biological molecules • Composed of cells • Growth • Movement • Reproduction • Response to external environmental stimuli • Metabolism • Maintain homeostasis 29 © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Cells • Smallest, basic unit of life • Microscopic, self-contained units enclosed by a water- repelling membrane • Human body: ~100 trillion (1014) cells 30 15 2023-09-14 © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All living things are made of cells Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells • Contain similar macromolecules and cell structures 31 © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 2.5 An Introduction to Evolutionary Theory Prokaryotes Eukaryotes • Small; microscopic • Larger; single-celled or • Simple multicellular • Complex • Genetic material in nucleus • Membrane-bound organelles • Some with cell walls • Genetic material (no nucleus) • No organelles • Cell walls 32 16 2023-09-14 Source: Biology Now, 1st edition, W.W. Norton & Company Inc. 33 Describe these organisms’ cells ___ Dan Aamlid, Bugwood.org 1 ____________ ____________ ____________ Howard F. Schwartz, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org 2 _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ Herbert A. 'Joe' Pase III, None, Bugwood.org 3 ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ 34 17 2023-09-14 © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. ARE VIRUSES ALIVE? 35 Are Viruses Alive? Concept Review • Answering the question “Are viruses alive?” is difficult. • Viruses exist in a gray area between the living and nonliving. • Viruses must replicate within a host cell. 36 18 2023-09-14 Are Viruses Alive? Concept Review One way a virus replicates. 37 Are Viruses Alive? Concept Review • Viruses are active agents of evolution and often exchange genetic information with their hosts. • Viruses may add their genes to the genome of their hosts, possibly becoming a critical part of the host. 38 19 2023-09-14 Are Viruses Alive? Interpreting Data and Graphs Source: UNAIDS AIDS Epidemic Update 2004 34 million 39 Are viruses alive? • Is the coronavirus COVID-19 alive? • ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ • https://vimeo.com/4046200 61 40 20 2023-09-14 Metabolism • Metabolism is ___________________ (Text chapter 4.1) • Enzymes are _______________ 41 Inborn errors of metabolism • Alkaptonuria (AKU) • Deficiency of HGD enzyme • Accumulation of homogentisic acid (HGA) • Characterized by effects on urine, connective tissue and incidence of arthritis • Phenylketonuria (PKU) • Deficiency of PAH enzyme • Accumulation of phenylalanine (Phe) • Treatable by maintaining low levels of Phe in the diet 42 21 2023-09-14 Metabolism • Metabolism is ___________________ (Text chapter 4.1) • Enzymes are _______________ • An example of an inborn error of metabolism in which an enzyme does not work results in the accumulation of an intermediate substance • _________________________ • __________________________ 43 Canada food guide • Research • Canada food guide (and see Quercus) • https://food-guide.canada.ca/en/healthy-eating-recommendations/ • Scientific basis: • _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ 44 22 2023-09-14 Evidence and Study? • What is the evidence for the effects of a reduction of sugary drinks? • ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ • How would you do the study (that provides the evidence)? • ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ 45 Life Characteristics • Common set of • • • • • • • biological molecules Composed of cells Growth Movement Reproduction Response to external environmental stimuli Metabolism Maintain homeostasis • What are the molecules important for metabolism? • __________________ • What are the characteristics of life? • _________________ • How can we study metabolism and disorders? • _________________ 46 23