Lect. 1: Herbal and Alternative Medicine PDF

New Mansoura University Faculty of Pharmacy Pharm D Program ______________________________________________ _____________________________ Lect. 1 Herbal and alternative Medicine Presented by: Dr. Rasha Ali Hamza  Why we study herb...

New Mansoura University Faculty of Pharmacy Pharm D Program ______________________________________________ _____________________________ Lect. 1 Herbal and alternative Medicine Presented by: Dr. Rasha Ali Hamza  Why we study herbal and alternative medicines? 1.The change in social attitudes towards natural medicine to ensure continued quality, safety, efficacy & growth in herb use in future. 2- Evaluating the quality, safety, potential benefits &effectiveness with appropriate therapeutic& clinical guidelines for their proper use.  Alternative Medicine: Folk Medicine = Traditional Medicine Therapeutic practices based on natural & traditional methods, not use pure chemicals (used in place of conventional medicine ) Use plant extract composed of mixture of constituents in diluted form. Include swollwing herbal substances, Adhering to special diet, combination of different approach. e.g. using special diet in treating cancer (starvation of cancer) & go away from acidic food and consume more alkaline food.  Conventional Medicine: Western Medicine = Allopathic Medicine Using pure chemicals in treatment of diseases regardless of their origin from (plant, animal, M.O) or synthetic, semi synthetic, organic or inorganic. Practiced by Medical holder as physical therapist, psychologist consist of active principles in high conc with other substance as excipients.  Complementary Medicine: Using both alternative & conventional medicine e.g. using aroma-therapy to relieve discomfort following surgery ( peppermint oil ) Herbalism is not a alternative medicinal ,but it is a part of a alternative medicinal based on the use of plants or their crude products in treatment and prevention of diseases. It is most common or the most applicable all over the world in alternative medicine Herbalism is also known as herbal medicine, and phytotherapy , botanical medicine  Types of Alternative Medicine: 1) Acupuncture Insertion of hair thin metallic needles into strategenic points of body (manual or by machine) to stimulate specific receptors or location or points on the body called acupoint that has specific at function & therapeutic effect Used in: headaches , menstrual cramps, lower back pain 2) Mind Body Medicine both physical & mental health care necessary for wellness Focus on the interaction between the brain, mind, body & behavior that effect on physical functioning & promote health 1) Deep breathing exercise 3) Meditation 2) Hypnotherapy 4) Youga  3)Manipulative & Body-based Practice [Chiropractic] Focus on the structure and systems of the body including soft tissues and circulatory and lymphatic system, musculoskeletal system and the disorders on the nervous system and general health. It includes A- Spinal Manipulation Principle Chiropractors use their hands or a device to apply controlled force to joints of spine, moving it beyond its passive range of motion. can used for low back pain, neck pain & headache. B- Massage Therapy People use massage for a variety of health related purposes including:Relieve pain- Increase relaxation-Decrease anxiety-reduce stress  4) Aromatherapy Aromatherapy is a branch of complementary medicine, which depends on the use of aromatic plants, their extracts, mainly their essential oils to promote health, beauty and vitality. The resulting plant ‘essence’ or essential oil can be Diffusion (e.g in an oil burner or diffuser) Inhalation (e.g as a steam bath to help relieve mucus congestion , most rapid method) Example: Vapozol inhalation solution (Mentha oil + Eucalyptus oil) for Bronchitis. Topical (e.g as a massage, compress or bath).  THERAPEUTIC USES OF SOME VOLATILE OILS: Oil name Uses Rosemary, clove , cinnamon, Tea tree oil Antibacterial Tea tree oil, lemongrass, sandalwood, peppermint, Antiviral thyme, and ginger Lavender, juniper, teatree oil, thyme and clove Antifungal Clove, cinnamon, sage, eucalyptus, black cumin Antiinflammatory Black pepper Stimulating the circulation and for muscular aches and pains.  THERAPEUTIC USES OF SOME VOLATILE OILS: Basil oil Antidepressant and to relieve headaches and migraines. Bergamot oil Insect repellent , urinary tract and digestive tract function Citronella oil Insect repellent Clove oil Analgesic, antispasmodic, carminative and antiemetic Eucalyptus oil, peppermint oil To relief the airway in cold and flu Geranium oil Diuretic ,astringent and antiseptic Lavender oil Used as an antiseptic, to soothe minor cuts and burns, to calm and relax, and to soothe headaches and migraines. Lemon oil Antistress and antidepressant Jasmine, rose ,Sandal wood oil Aphrodisiac Thyme oil and yarrow oil Reduce joint inflammation and relieve cold and influenza symptoms.  5)Homeopathy Based on that diseases could be treated with minute doses of drugs known that would produce in healthy person symptoms similar to those of the disease (opposed to allopathy) (like cures like). ‫كان مجرد اعتقاد‬ In the treatment, it uses minute doses of a substance to produce the symptoms of a disease similar to the one experienced by the patient, thus invoking (stimulating) the self-healing power of the body. Caffeine (CNS stimulant) to treat insomnia Ipeca ( an emetic ) used as anti-emetic Nux-vomica (stress) Cantheridin (anti-inflammatory ) Onion remedy for common cold  6- )Ayruveda ( Indian science) more life style than treatment, based on : 3elements or doshas (Vata, Pitta & Kapha) redefined as an equilibrium or balance between: Vata for CNS , catabolism. responsible for movement, Pitta for Endocrine system (hormones – GIT), metabolism. responsible for transformation Kapha for Immune system , anabolism. is the cohesive principle in living organisms varies in different individuals diet, massage , herbal medicines Aim When the doshas are in balance we experience good physical health and mental wellbeing. when they are out of balance they create disharmony and can produce disease if corrective measures are not taken. -Stress -Fatigue -digestive disorders -joint disorders  7) cupping& mobile cupping class cup is placed on the skin after -ve pressure is created within the cup using a flame (left on the body some time depend on the condition) for large muscle in back, mobile cupping: the skin is lubricated with massage oil first then the cup is applied. used for: musculoskeletal problems- Arthralgia - diarrhea common cold 8) Naturopathy (Natural) it is natural approach to healing 1) Body's healing power 2) Life style changes for better health hydrotherapy or water therapy & nature cure i.e. using natural elements like air, water, light, food & herbs to treat diseases The need to establish quality of herbal medicine product -Herbal medicine product name -Dose & qualitative description Characteristics of herbal product ( including part of plant used) -Quantitative analysis (including procedures & standardization)  Herb drug interactions  May cancel the effect of a prescription drug, reduce it, exaggerate it. Herbal medicines interact with drugs in two general ways: Pharmacokinetically pharmacodynamically Pharmacokinetic interactions result in alterations in the absorption, distribution, metabolism, or elimination of the drug or natural medicine, either increasing or decreasing the amount of drug available to have an effect Pharmacodynamic interactions cause alterations in the way a drug or natural medicine affects a tissue or organ system, either through enhancing or antagonizing effects. Herb Common uses Possible S.E or Drug interaction Ginkgo biloba  increasing blood circulation and  Ginkgo may increase bleeding, especially in oxygenation and for improving patients already taking certain anti-clotting memory and mental alertness medications as aspirin, Coumadin, heparin and alzhiemer warfarin. Kava-  used for nervousness, anxiety or  Kava-kava may increase the effects of It may increase the risk of certain anti-seizure medications and/or prolong kava restlessness; insomnia. it is also a the effects of certain anesthetics. muscle relaxant. Do not mix with antidepressants &sedatives  effective in helping reduce  Should not be taken with digoxin, a heart angina attacks by lowering BP medication. Hawthorn and cholesterol levels  The mix may lower heart rate too much Saw  it is used for treatment of BPH.  It inhibits cyclooxygenase enzyme& palmetto  used as diuretic, urinary antiseptic and increased bleeding when concurrently inhibits alpha-adrenergic receptors , as administered with warfarin anti-inflammatory  may prolong the effect of certain anesthetic  Is used for mild to moderate agents. St. John's depression or anxiety and sleep  Do not take with other antidepressants, HIV Wort disorders medication oral contraceptives, and Tamoxifen (anti- cancer drug( Valerian  is used effects of certain as a mild  May increase the effect of certain anti- sedative or sleep-aid also a seizure medications or prolong the effects of muscle relaxant certain anesthetic agents.   Echinacea boosts the immune  Do not mix with some heart medications, Echinacea system and helps fight colds and flu. antifungal medications, HIV medications and  It helps in wound healing anti-anxiety medications  Ephedra (Ma Huang) powerful  Ephedra may interact with certain Ephedra decongestant. Contains ephedrine, can antidepressant or high BP medications open up bronchial passages. Do not mix with heart medications  It is used in OTC diet aids as an  if you are being treated for high BP, appetite suppressant ,asthma glaucoma or thyroid problems  Licorice is used for treating  May cause high BP, swelling or electrolyte Licorice stomach ulcers, cough. imbalances.  Antinflamatory  Don’t mix it with diuretics, digoxin to  Mild expectorant avoid loss of potassium, essential for heart function. Ginger  Ginger is used for reducing  Ginger may increase bleeding, especially in nausea, vomiting and vertigo patients already taking certain anti-clotting  Antioxidant- h ypocholesteremia- medications. Circulatory stimulant  Anthelmintic antidiabetic  bleeding in patients take anti-coagulant Garlic antioxidant anti-microbial medication  Blood pressure - Blood cholesterol -  Don't take e' diabetes medication because it Triglyceride levels decrease blood glucose  Increases physical stamina and  Ginseng may cause decreased Ginseng mental concentration. effectiveness of certain anti-clotting.  It reduces stress and decrease  Persons using ginseng see increased cholesterol. heart rate or high blood pressure and nervousness and excitation.  Active plant chemicals )Active Remedies( Effective method of extraction which facilitates getting them out of the plant and into the herbal remedy. water extract remedy Generally, if they aren't water soluble, they won't be broken down in the digestive process either, so taking the plant in capsules or preparing the plant as a tincture water/alcohol extract.  Choosing Products Muira puama is used as a male aphrodisiac. The active constituents which provide this benefit are soluble only in alcohol and would pass by the products on the shelf that just put Muira puama in a capsule or tablet OR choosing a tincture instead  Methods of preparation of herbal remedies Water is brought just to a boil and then poured over an herb, it is covered and allowed to sit for 10-15 minutes lt is preferred for tougher and more fibrous plants e.g. barks and roots (and which have water soluble chemicals). Macerations The plant material is simply covered in cool water and soaked overnight. The herb is strained out and liquid is taken. It is used for very tender plants, fresh plants, or those with delicate chemicals that might be harmed by heating (thermolabile) or which might be degraded in strong alcohol. A tincture is an alcohol and water extract which is used when active chemicals are not very soluble in water Has longer term storage. It is used for rashes and wounds and as topical pain relieving remedies.  God‘s Pharmacy The relation between shape of plants and its function Carrot: similar to human eye and contains vitamin A for healthy vision Tomato: (heart chambers shape) lycopene which is improves heart function Grape: similar to heart shape improves heart & lung activity Walnuts (brain shape) improves memory Red beans improve kidney function Figs Treat Male sterility Olive Improves ovary function Orange Improves mammary gland function Onion Antimicrobial for eye