Lecs 1 & 2 LIB116 research.pdf

Research Skills &Analysis LIB116 Lecture : One & Two Associ. Prof. Emam Omar Physics Department Faculty of Physics New Mansoura University 21/07/2024  Data& Information and Knowledge 21/07/2...

Research Skills &Analysis LIB116 Lecture : One & Two Associ. Prof. Emam Omar Physics Department Faculty of Physics New Mansoura University 21/07/2024  Data& Information and Knowledge 21/07/2024  Data & Information and Knowledge - Data are individual facts, observations, statistics, characters, symbols, images, numbers, and more that are out of context, have no meaning, and are difficult to understand. They are often referred to as raw data. - Data is meaningless in itself, but once processed and interpreted, it becomes information which is filled with meaning. - Information is a set of data that is processed in a meaningful way according to the given requirement. It is processed, structured, or presented in a given context to make it meaningful and useful. 21/07/2024 33 Data & Information and Knowledge Following two figures gives an idea of data and information 21/07/2024 44 Data and Information Example 21/07/2024 55  Data & Information and Knowledge - Knowledge is a combination of information, experience, and insight that helps the individual or the organization for linking to doing and implies know-how and understanding. - Knowledge is possessed by each individual and is an outcome of his or her experience. It also covers the norms to evaluates new inputs from his surroundings - Information is a text that answers the questions of who, when, or where, while knowledge is a text that answers the questions of why and how. 21/07/2024 66 Difference Between Information and Knowledge 21/07/2024 77 Data & Information and Knowledge Example Look at the examples given for data: 8:00 AM This data, when organized and 72°F presented in a meaningful way, becomes information: 12:00 PM 82°F 8:00 AM – 72°F 4:00 PM 12:00 PM – 82°F 88°F 4:00 PM – 88°F “The temperature increased gradually from 72°F at 8:00 AM to 82°F at 12:00 PM and further to 88°F by 4:00 PM.” 21/07/2024 88  Data & Information and Knowledge Knowledge Using the temperature data and information provided earlier, knowledge might involve understanding: - Weather patterns, - How temperature changes throughout the day, - The potential impact of such changes on various aspects like human comfort or plant growth. This understanding can be applied to predict future temperature trends or decide when to engage in certain outdoor activities. 21/07/2024 99  BASIS FOR INFORMATION KNOWLEDGE COMPARISON When the facts obtained Knowledge refers to the are systematically relevant and objective Meaning presented in a given information gained context it is known as through experience information Combination of Data and context Information, experience and intuition Processing Improves representation Increases awareness Transfer Easily transferable Requires learning Prediction Information alone is not Prediction is possible if sufficient to make one possess required predictions knowledge. One in other Not all information is All knowledge is 21/07/2024 knowledge. information. 10 10  Knowledge Acquiring Source There are three main types for acquiring knowledge:- Unscientific Sources of Knowledge Scientific Sources of Knowledge Divine Books 21/07/2024 11 11 Unscientific Sources of Knowledge 1- Empiricism Knowledge via empiricism involves gaining knowledge through objective observation and the experiences of your senses. An individual who says “I believe nothing until I see it with my own eyes” is an empiricist. The empiricist gains knowledge by seeing, hearing, tasting, smelling, and touching. 21/07/2024 12 12  Unscientific Sources of Knowledge 2- Trial and Error Trial and Error is one of the ways of acquiring new knowledge. Individual learn more things through trial and error Knowledge related to practical, professional. Skilled and semi skilled professions are largely depends on the source of knowledge. For example: use of computer, Smart phone, driving, etc. 21/07/2024 13 13  Unscientific Sources of Knowledge 3- Tradition (local knowledge) Much social related knowledge are preserved and transmitted through traditions. Much information which is largely depends on traditions. Knowledge passed down through generations For example: - Tools and techniques for hunting or agriculture) - Traditional medicine. 21/07/2024 14 14  Unscientific Sources of Knowledge 3- Tradition (local knowledge) 21/07/2024 15 15  Unscientific Sources of Knowledge 4- Tenacity Gaining knowledge via tenacity involves hearing a piece of information so often that you begin to believe it is true, and then, despite evidence to the contrary, you cling stubbornly to the belief. Method is often used in political campaigns, where a particular slogan is repeated so often that we begin to believe it. Advertisers also use the method of tenacity by repeating their slogan for a certain product over and over until people begin to associate the slogan with the product and believe 21/07/2024that the product meets its claims. 16 16 Unscientific Sources of Knowledge Tenacity is something, which psychologically force the people to accept it. 21/07/2024 17 17  Unscientific Sources of Knowledge 5- Rationalism Knowledge gained through logical reasoning. With this approach, ideas are accurate stated and logical rules are applied to arrive at a logically sound conclusion. For example: All humans are mortal; I am a human; Therefore, I am mortal. Attractive people are good; Hafiz is attractive; Therefore, Hafiz is good. 21/07/2024 18 18  Unscientific Sources of Knowledge 6- Authority knowledge via authority means Knowledge gained from those viewed as authority figures. When we accept what a respected or famous person tells us. For example: Parents as authority figures Teachers as authority figures 21/07/2024 19 19  Scientific Sources of Knowledge Scientific knowledge is based on empirical evidence and is appropriate for understanding the natural world. Scientific knowledge is durable and strong but open to change. Because science is based on empirical evidence scientists strive for objectivity. 21/07/2024 20 20 Scientific Sources of Knowledge Characteristics of Scientific Knowledge 1. Objectivity Scientific knowledge is objective. Objectivity simple means the ability to see and accept facts as they are, not as one might wish them to be. 2. Verifiability / Measureable Scientific knowledge is based on verifiable evidence so that other observers can observe, weigh or measure the same phenomena and check out observation for accuracy. 21/07/2024 21 21 Scientific Sources of Knowledge 3. Ethical Neutrality Science is ethically neutral. How ethical issues can affect the study population and how ethical problems can be overcome should be thoroughly examined at the problem formulation stage. 4. Empirically proved/Observable This means that any conclusion drawn are based upon hard evidence gathered from information collected from real life experiences or observations. 21/07/2024 22 22  Scientific Sources of Knowledge 5. Reliability A measure’s precision and stability- extent to which the same result would be obtained with repeated trials. 6. Accuracy 7. Abstractness 8. Predictability 9.Universal Application 10. 21/07/2024 Experimental 23 23 Divine Books The source of this Divine Knowledge is God. The Taurat /Musa (Peace be upon him) The Zabur//Dawud (Peace be upon him) The Injeel/ Esa(Peace be upon him) The Qur'an of Muhammad (Peace be upon him) 21/07/2024 24 24  Basic Concept in Research 21/07/2024  The meaning of Research Research is an investigation process to find reliable solutions to a problem for discovering new knowledge and information. The word RESEARCH is composed of two syllables, RE and SEARCH. RE meaning (again, a new, or over again). SEARCH meaning (to examine closely and carefully, to test and try, or to probe). Together they form a noun describing a careful, systematic, patient study and investigation in some field of knowledge, 21/07/2024 undertaken to establish facts or principles. 2626  The types of Research Research can be classified into three classes: I. Application II. Objectives III. Enquiry mode 21/07/2024 27 27  I. APPLICATION If you examine a research from the perspective of its application, there are two broad categories: A) Pure Research Basic research (also called pure research or fundamental research). It is a systematic study directed toward greater knowledge or understanding of the fundamental of phenomena without specific application or product. B) Applied Research This research type focuses on applying Pure Research outcomes (Theories) into the real world situations. 21/07/2024 28 28 I. APPLICATION (Examples) 21/07/2024 29 29 I. APPLICATION (Examples) 21/07/2024 30 30