Animal Biotechnology-I PDF
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Misr University for Science and Technology
Heba Radwan, PhD, Hussein Sabit, PhD
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This document provides an overview of animal biotechnology, including topics such as cloning, transgenic animals, and applications. It covers the history of cloning, different types of cloning techniques, and their potential applications in various fields.
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Animal Biotechnology-I Heba Radwan, PhD Hussein Sabit, PhD Lecture Objectives Identifying the concept and applications of Animal Biotechnology What is a Clone? Clone is a cell or a collection of cells that is genetically i...
Animal Biotechnology-I Heba Radwan, PhD Hussein Sabit, PhD Lecture Objectives Identifying the concept and applications of Animal Biotechnology What is a Clone? Clone is a cell or a collection of cells that is genetically identical to another cell or collection of cells. Animals that reproduce asexually are clones of a parent. Identical twins are clones of each other. Cloning Cloning is the process of producing individual organisms with identical DNA, either by natural or artificial means. In nature, some organisms produce clones through asexual reproduction. In the field of Biotechnology, cloning is the process of creating cloned organisms (copies) of cells and of DNA fragments. Dolly and her Surrogate mother Dolly: The sheep Born in July 1996 at the Roslin Institute in Scotland. It was the first mammal to be cloned from an adult mammal using the nuclear transfer technique. Ian Wilmut did 277 attempts (over 12 years) before his Dolly with experiment considered successful. Bonnie Dolly Parton Dolly died on February 14, 2003, of progressive lung disease at the age of 6; whereas normal sheep can live up to 12 years of age. Ian Wilmut § Wilmut transplanted a nucleus from a mammary gland cell of a white Finn Dorsett ewe (Female sheep) into the enucleated egg of a Scottish blackface ewe. § The nucleus-egg combination was stimulated with electricity to fuse the two and to stimulate cell division. § The new cell divided and was placed in the uterus of another blackface ewe to develop. § Dolly was born months later. §Dolly was shown to be genetically identical to the Finn Dorsett ewe and not to the blackface Dolly’s offspring: ewe, which clearly demonstrated that she was 6 lambs (Bonnie; twins Sally a successful clone. and Rosie; triplets Lucy, Darcy and Cotton §Dolly has since grown and reproduced several offspring of her own through normal sexual means. Therefore, Dolly is a viable, healthy clone. 1 2 4 5 3 6 7 8 Genetic testing revealed that her DNA showed signs of aging at just one year old, and at 5, she was diagnosed with arthritis. It wasn't clear whether Dolly's problems were because she was a clone. Dolly’s taxidermy Dolly eventually died after contracting a Born: 5 July 1996 virus in 2003 at six years old — half the Died: 14 February 2003 typical life expectancy of a sheep of her kind. Applications of Animal Cloning Animals as drug producers: Gene farming Breeding endogenic body tissue: Transplantation Livestock breeding and agriculture Animal models: Models for human diseases Xenotransplantation: Animal organs to help Humans Mammal Cloning Timeline 1984 – A live lamb was cloned from sheep embryo cells. 1986 – Early embryo cells were used to clone a cow. Megan and Morag 1993 – Calves were produced by transfer of nuclei from cultured embryonic cells. 1995 – Two sheep, named Megan & Morag, were cloned using embryo cells. Dolly 1996 – Birth of Dolly, the first organism to be cloned from a fully differentiated adult cell. 1997 – Transgenic sheep named Polly was cloned containing a human gene. Polly Cont. 1998 – 50 mice were cloned in three generations from a single mouse. 1998 – 8 calves were cloned from a single adult cow, but only 4 survived to their first birthday. 1999 – A female rhesus monkey named Tetra was cloned by splitting early embryo cells. 2000 – Pigs and goats reported cloned from adult cells. 2002 – Rabbits reported cloned from adult cells. ANDi ANDi, is the first genetically modified rhesus monkey who was born at Oregon Health Sciences University (OSHU) on October 2, 2000. It carries the gene for green fluorescent protein but does not glow green. ANDi.. stands for “inserted DNA” spelled backward. In January 2008 the FDA approved the food produced from cloned cattle, goats, and pigs as safe. Safety of Cloned Animals These animal products can be sold in markets and restaurants without special labels. Mammal Cloning allows propagation of endangered species January 8, 2001, Noah, a baby bull gaur, became the first clone of an endangered animal. Comparison of Cloning Success Rates in Various Animals The whole story about cloning is not only a reproductive story The use of cloning technology to grow organs genetically identical to our own for transplantation, thereby avoiding rejection of foreign issues is being possible. Transgenic animals What is a transgenic animal? Animal Biotechnology is the field in which we can engineer transgenic animals, i.e., animals that carry genes from other species. The technology has already produced transgenic animals such as mice, rats, rabbits, pigs, sheep, and cows. What is a transgenic animal? We can insert an extra, functioning gene into an embryo. This gene comes from another species. Transgenic animals are useful as disease models and producers of substances for human welfare. Transgenic Animals § Other transgenic animals are produced as disease models (animals genetically manipulated to exhibit disease symptoms so that effective treatment can be studied). § The OncoMouse® or the Harvard mouse, is a mouse that carries a gene functions to promote the development of various human cancers. Why are these animals being produced? § Some transgenic animals are produced for specific economic traits. § For example, transgenic cattle were created to produce milk containing particular human proteins, which may help in the treatment of some human diseases. The fear of the unknown! Some applications of Animal Biotechnology Biocliping Process that uses naturally occurring protein (epidermal growth factor - EGF) that causes sheep to shed their fleece. Currently being marketed. Potential to reduce stress, cuts, and injury to sheep, while producing higher quality fleece. BioSteel® Is a trademark name for a high- strength fiber material made of a spider silk-like protein extracted from the milk of genetically modified goats, made by Nexia Biotechnologies, Canada. Producing biosteel A line of goats that produce biosteel in their milk has been successfully generated. The recombinant silk is then harvested and subjected to traditional chromatographic techniques in order to purify it. The purified silk proteins are then dried, dissolved using appropriate solvents and transformed into microfibers. Using Animals as Bioreactors: A process Termed as “BioPharming” BioPharming Biopharming is the use of transgenic plants and animals to produce pharmaceutical substances. In 1997, Tracy the sheep, the first transgenic animal to produce a recombinant protein drug in her milk, alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) that is used for treating cystic fibrosis. GTC Biotherapeutics has received approval to sell human anti-thrombin (ATryn) purified from goat’s milk in Europe. Technology is not restricted to cows, goats, & sheep. There is interest in using rabbits since housing costs are significantly less & generation time is faster. Chickens which produce recombinant drugs in their eggs have been produced by The Roslin Institute. GloFish, originally developed in Singapore as a way to monitor water pollution. The normally black-and-silver zebrafish GloFish was turned green or red by inserting various versions of the Green Fluoresce Protein gene. Glofish are on sale throughout the US market. Fluorescent cats § Genetically Modified cats were produced by using a virus that deliver green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene into the eggs from which the animals eventually grew. § The GFP gene, which has its origins in jellyfish, expresses proteins that fluoresce when illuminated with certain frequencies of light. Lecture fruit Nature has given us all the pieces required to achieve exceptional wellness and health but has left it to us to put these pieces together. --Diane McLaren--