Introduction to Programming and Information Technology PDF

Introduction to Programming and Information Technology Code (HUM 131) Lecturer # 1  INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Dr. Tahani Allam - 2025 2  DEFINITION OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (IT) IT stands for "information...

Introduction to Programming and Information Technology Code (HUM 131) Lecturer # 1  INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Dr. Tahani Allam - 2025 2  DEFINITION OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (IT) IT stands for "information technology," and it refers to anything related to computing technology, such as networking, hardware, software, maintenance, the internet, or the people that work with these technologies. Dr. Tahani Allam - 2025 3  DEFINITION OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (IT) IT refers to the use of technology to organize, store, share, and process information. It is also considered a field of computer science centered on the ways in which computers can be used to communicate information. Most people use IT every single day. You are using IT each time you connect to the internet, send an email, or print a document. Dr. Tahani Allam - 2025 4  DEFINITION OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (IT) Many companies now have IT departments for managing the computers, networks, and other technical areas of their businesses. IT jobs include computer programming, network administration, computer engineering, web development and technical support. It is the use of computers (or computer applications) and internet to store, retrieve, transmit, and manipulate data. IT also includes office automation, multimedia, and telecommunications. Dr. Tahani Allam - 2025 5  WHAT IS A COMPUTER? HOW IT WORKS? A computer is an electronic device that manipulates information, or data. It has the ability to store, retrieve, and process data. A computer works as follows: ❖ Input is data we give to our computers. ❖ Processing is comprised of the translation of input and the instructions given for output. Before processing, all data (photos, music, video, text documents, ……, etc.) And instructions are changed to be stored in binary form (ones and zeros). This binary representation is referred to as bits. A bit is the smallest storage unit of a computer that can have either 1, or 0. ❖ Memory is used to store either temporary or permanent information Dr. Tahani Allam - 2025 6 ❖ Output is the information that gets returned by the computer.  DATA PROCESSING AND INFORMATION 1,2,3,…..,Text, Image, 1,2,3,…..,Text, Image, Input Process Output Sound, Animation , Video Sound, Animation , Video Dr. Tahani Allam - 2025 7  DATA VS. INFORMATION Data is made up of text, numbers, images and in some cases sounds (or videos) which can be processed or stored by a computer. By itself data might meaningless. To understand it, it needs to be processed (or interpreted) to become information. Information is the meaning given to data by the way in which it is processed, i.E. Data becomes information after processing it. Data Process Information Dr. Tahani Allam - 2025 8  DATA VS. INFORMATION To illustrate the difference, ahmed, 4500 and 10 examples of data. But if we were able to interpret them as the name of a salesman, ahmed, his annual basic salary of 4500 EP and his commission rate of 10%, it would assume more meaning and could be called information. Alternatively, the same data could be interpreted in another way. Dr. Tahani Allam - 2025 9  CHECKING THE ACCURACY OF DATA Data validation: check whether data falls within the acceptable range of values. For example, checking whether a user email address can be found or not. This email address is invalid as the user does not exist. Data verification: check whether data is accurate and consistent. For example, checking that all email addresses of the users are entered in the true format. Dr. Tahani Allam - 2025 10  TYPES OF COMPUTERS Dr. Tahani Allam - 2025 11  Mainframe Computer Dr. Tahani Allam - 2025 12  CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS ACCORDING TO SIZE There are four main types of computers (according to size): 1)Super computers 2)Mainframe computers 3)Mini computers 4)Personal computers Dr. Tahani Allam - 2025 13  CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS ACCORDING TO SIZE 1)Super computers It is the fastest, the most expensive in price and biggest size than any other computer ever made. Supercomputers are the most powerful in terms of speed and accuracy and are useful in problems that require complex mathematical computations. They are capable of trillions of instructions per second. This is unlike personal computers which are capable of calculating only millions of instructions per second. They are mainly used for weather forecasting , scientific applications government research, military projects and animations (and simulation) of hollywood's movies. Dr. Tahani Allam - 2025 14  (1) SUPER COMPUTERS Dr. Tahani Allam - 2025 15  CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS ACCORDING TO SIZE 2)Mainframe computers Are usually slower, less powerful and less expensive than supercomputers. A technique that allows many people at terminals, to access the same computer at one time is called time sharing. They are mostly used by governments, large organizations and banks. Users connects to mainframe computers using dumb terminal or intelligent terminal. Dr. Tahani Allam - 2025 16  CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS ACCORDING TO SIZE Dumb terminal It does not has its own CPU and storage devices. This type of terminal uses the processing resources and storage within the mainframe computer. Typically, a dumb terminal consists of a monitor, a keyboard and mouse. Intelligent terminal An intelligent terminal has its own cpu and can perform some processing tasks. For example, personal computers in banking institutions are normally used as intelligent terminals. A personal computer as an intelligent terminal can access data and other services from a mainframe computer, and can also store and process data locally. Dr. Tahani Allam - 2025 17  (2) MAINFRAME COMPUTERS Dr. Tahani Allam - 2025 18  CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS ACCORDING TO SIZE 3)Minicomputers Minicomputers are mid sized computers. In terms of size and power, minicomputers are ranked below mainframes. A minicomputer is a multiprocessing system capable of supporting from 4 to about 200 users simultaneously. The use of the term minicomputer has minimized, and they have merged with servers. As in mainframe, users connects to minicomputers using dumb (or intelligent) terminal. Dr. Tahani Allam - 2025 19  CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS ACCORDING TO SIZE 4) Personal computers (microcomputers) Personal computer or pc is the smallest, cheapest and the most common type of the computer. It is designed to be used by one user at a time. The term microcomputer relates to microprocessor which is used with a personal computer for the purpose of processing data and instruction codes. Pcs includes desktop computers and portable computers such as: laptops (or notebooks), and tablets. Dr. Tahani Allam - 2025 20  (4) PERSONAL COMPUTER Dr. Tahani Allam - 2025 21  OTHER TYPES OF COMPUTERS Dr. Tahani Allam - 2025 22 Dr. Tahani Allam - 2025 23 Game Consoles Dr. Tahani Allam - 2025 24 Embedded Computers CNC Dental Milling Machine Dr. Tahani Allam - 2025 25 Embedded Computers CNC Embroidery Machine Dr. Tahani Allam - 2025 26 Embedded Computers  COMPUTER COMPONENTS Computer Hardware Software Input Output Application Programming System CPU Main Storage Units Units Memory Units Software Languages Software Dr. Tahani Allam - 2025 Unit 27  1 Hardware Components Dr. Tahani Allam - 2025 28  (1) INPUT UNITS Any hardware device that sends data to a computer, allowing you to interact with and control the computer. Mouse Keyboard Digital Cam Trackball Dr. Tahani Allam - 2025 29 Light Pen Scanner Joy Stick Web Cam Microphone  (2) OUTPUT UNITS Any hardware device that receives (outs) data from a computer, usually for display, projection, or physical reproduction. Data Show Speakers Monitor Dr. Tahani Allam - 2025 30 Printer Plotter  INPUT/OUTPUT UNITS Any hardware devices that are capable of sending data (input) to a computer and receiving data from a computer (output). Examples of input/output devices: 1) CD-R/RW and DVD drive 2) Touch screen 3) Sound card 4) Headset (a headphone with a microphone) 5) Hard drives 6) Modem 7) Network adapter Dr. Tahani Allam - 2025 31  (3) CPU CPU stands for central processing unit and is also called processor or microprocessor. A computer's cpu executes all instructions it receives from hardware and software running on the computer. The CPU is often referred to as the brain of the computer. The cpu consists of two main units: (1) the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) (2) the control unit (CU) The measuring unit of a computer's processor speed is hz (hertz) or mhz (megahertz) or ghz (gigahertz). This unit refers the number of executed instructions per second. Dr. Tahani Allam - 2025 32  (3) CPU Dr. Tahani Allam - 2025 33  (4) MAIN MEMORY (SYSTEM MEMORY) There are two types of main memory units: (1) random access memory (RAM) (2) read only memory (ROM) A computer cannot run without the main memory. The main memory holds (or stores) only those data and instructions on which computer is currently working. It has a limited capacity and the data stored in ram is lost when power is switched off. The data and instruction that required to be processed reside in the main memory. Dr. Tahani Allam - 2025 34  RAM VS. ROM Ram ROM Stands for random access memory Stands for Read-only memory RAM is the memory available for the ROM is the memory that comes with your operating system, programs and computer that is pre-written to hold the instructions for booting-up the computer. processes to be used when the computer It only allows reading. is running. Reading data from ROM is It allows reading and writing. relatively slow compared to RAM. Ram is the fastest type of memory for It is non-volatile i.e., its content is reading or writing data. retained even when the computer is Ram is a volatile memory i.E.; Its content is powered off. lost when the computer is powered off. Dr. Tahani Allam - 2025 35  (5) STORAGE UNITS (USER MEMORY) A storage device is any hardware capable of holding (or storing) data permanently, even when the computer is turned off. The three primary storage technologies are magnetic, optical and flashing. Examples of computer storage units: 1) Floppy disk 2) Zip disk 3) HDD (hard disk drive) Magnetic storage devices 4) Cd (compact disk) / dvd (digital versatile disk) Optical storage devices 5) Memory card 6) Flash memory 7) SSD (solid-state drive) Flash memory Dr. Tahani Allam - 2025 devices 36  STORAGE UNITS Floppy Disk ZIP Disk CD / DVD Memory Card Dr. Tahani Allam - 2025 37 Flash Memory HDD External/Portable SSD HDD  HDD VS. SSD SSD is faster, more robustness and more expensive than HDD. Dr. Tahani Allam - 2025 38 HDD SSD  THANKS … Dr. Tahani Allam - 2025 39