LEC full mod1-3.pdf

Very costly MODULE 1 - DIGITAL LITERACY Generated a lot of heat Slow input and output devices The basic functionality of a computer gets an Hugely sized Input...

Very costly MODULE 1 - DIGITAL LITERACY Generated a lot of heat Slow input and output devices The basic functionality of a computer gets an Hugely sized Input from the user, then a Process using that Needed AC input, and produces an Output Non-portable Consumed a lot of electricity Advantages of Computer High speed Accuracy Storage Capability Diligence Versatility Reliability Automation Reduction in paperwork and cost Disadvantages of Computer 2nd Generation (1959-1965) No IQ Dependency Introduced the use of transistors Reliable compared to 1st gen computers Environment No feeling Smaller than 1st gen Generated less heat than 1st gen Consumed less electricity than 1st gen Real World Applications of the Computer in Faster than 1st gen Various Fields Still very costly Business Banking AC still required Supported machine and assembly languages Insurance Education Marketing Healthcare Engineering Design Military Communication Government The Generations of the Computer 3rd Generation (1965-1971) Introduced the use of integrated circuits More reliable than previous generations Smaller Generated less heat Faster Lesser maintenance Costly 1st Generation (1949-1959) AC still required Used vacuum tube technology Consumed lesser electricity Unreliable Supported high-level language Supported machine language only  Types of Computers Personal Computer (PC) ○ A single user computer system having a moderately powerful microprocessor Workstation ○ Also a single user computer system similar to a personal PC but has a more powerful microprocessor Mini Computer ○ A multi-user computer system, capable of supporting hundreds of users simultaneously 4th Generation (1971-1980) Main Frame VLSI Microprocessor technology was used ○ A multi-user computer system, capable of Very cheap supporting hundreds of users Portable & reliable simultaneously, Use of PCs ○ Software technology of a Main Frame is Very small in size different from a minicomputer Pipeline processing Supercomputer No AC required ○ An extremely fast computer, that can Concept of the internet was introduced execute hundreds of millions of instructions Great developments in the fields of per second networks Computers became easily available during “A computer takes input, processes it this generation according to stored instructions, and produces results as output” Data vs Information Comparison A A -your grade in the exam 2, 4, 23, 30, 31, 36 2, 4, 23, 30, 31, 36 -Next week’s Lotto numbers ↳ Bit 5th Generation (1980-Onwards) -A single binary digit Uses ULSI Microprocessor technology -Can have a value of 0, or 1, and nothing else Development of true artificial technology -It’s the smallest possible unit of information in Development of Natural Language a computer processing -Groups of bits can represent data or Advancement in Parallel Processing information Advancement in Superconductor technology -1 bit has 2 alternatives More user-friendly interfaces with multimedia -2 bits has 4 alternatives features -3 bits has 8 alternatives Very powerful and compact computers at -4 bits has 16 alternatives cheaper rates were now available -n bits has 2 alternatives -8 bits has 256 alternatives -a group of 8 bits is called a byte  Computer Components Volatile SIMMs (Single Inline Memory Hardware Modules): 4 Mbytes in a stick of -The physical parts of a computer or chewing gum information system either electronic and Optical Disks mechanical ○ 15,000 tracks per inch ○ Digital code read by laser Peopleware ○ 650 Mbytes in a 4.75” plastic platter -Anything that has to do with the role of people ○ CD ROM; WORM; Erasable Disks are in the development or use of computer examples of optical disks software and hardware systems Magnetic Disk ○ A circular platter coated with magnetic Software material -The programs that control the operation of the Floppy Disk computer system ○ 3.5*, 1.8*, 2.5*, 5.25*; 120 Mbytes to over 9 Gigabytes Hardware - Input Systems Software - Operating Systems Keyboard ○ Most common input device Operating Systems ○ QWERTY Keyboard -The software that manages the overall Mouse operation of the computer system ○ Cursor manipulation device -Its main purpose is to support application ○ Uses a trackball on older models programs Touch Screens -Hide details of devices from application ○ Pens programs ○ Stylus Magnetic Ink Character Recognition DOS (Disk Operating System) ○ MICR for short ○ Single-tasking Bar Code Readers ○ Command-driven ○ Huge number of applications were written for Hardware - Output Systems DOS ○ Does not require a powerful computer Soft Copy ○ No network services ○ Voice synthesis ○ No multimedia extensions ○ Music ○ Designed for the Intel 80x86 processor ○ CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) Windows LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) ○ Has GUI Modems ○ Can run DOS programs ○ Modulator-Demodulator ○ Has network services ○ Allows computers to communicate over ○ has multimedia extensions telephone lines ○ Requires large amounts of memory, disk space, and a powerful processor Hardware - Storage Systems ○ Design for the Intel 80x86 Macintosh OS Memory ○ Multi-tasking ○ Stores the bits and bytes which are the ○ GUI called finder instructions and data ○ Very easy to use ○ ROM - Read Only Memory ○ Very graphically oriented Non-volatile ○ Has network services Won’t disappear when power is off ○ Has multimedia extensions ○ RAM - Random Access Memory ○ Designed for the Motorola and PowerPC Read/Write Memory processors  User interfaces Every processor has a unique set of Software which is responsible for passing operations information to and from the person using the ○ LOAD program (the user) ○ ADD Communicates with and controls the ○ STORE computers 3 types of user interface: ○ Graphic user interfaces (GUI) Components of a Processor ○ Menu driven interfaces ○ Command driven interfaces Graphic User Interfaces (GUIs) Pictures, graphic symbols (icons), to represent commands For Windows it’s a way of ‘looking in’ on several applications at once Application Software Special Purposes Control Unit ○ Payroll ○ Supervises the operation of the processor ○ Accounting ○ Makes connections between the various ○ Book-Keeping components ○ Entertainment ○ Invokes the operation of each component ○ Statistical Analysis ○ Can be interrupted General Purpose ○ Word Processing (e.g. MS Word) Arithmetic & Logic Unit ○ Desktop Publishing (e.g. Quark Xpress) ○ The ALU ○ Spreadsheets (e.g. MS Excel) ○ Provided the computer with its ○ Databases (e.g. MS Access) computational capabilities ○ Graphics (e.g. MS Powerpoint) ○ Data are brought to the ALU by the control ○ E-mail (e.g. MS Mail) unit ○ Internet Browsers (e.g. Firefox, ○ ALU performs the required operation Explorer) Registers Integrated Software ○ Register: a storage location inside the Goal: effective sharing of information between processor all applications ○ Control unit registers: For example: MS Office: Excel, Word, current instruction Powerpoint, Access can all use each other’s location of next instruction to be data directly executed Object Linking & Embedding (OLE) operands of the instruction Information is stored in one location only ○ ALU registers: Reference is made to it from another store data items application store results This reference is known as a link Don’t actually make a copy (cf. hypertext, multimedia, WWW) MODULE 2 - DIGITAL LITERACY AND COMPUTERS AND MOBILE DEVICES The Processor a functional unit that interprets and carries Computer out instructions -an electronic device, operating under the Also called a Central Processing Unit (CPU) control of instructions stored in its own memory  - Recycling Regulating manufacturing process Extending the life of computers Immediately donating or properly disposing of replaced computers Networks and the Internet A network is a collection of computers and devices connected together, often wirelessly, via communications devices and transmission media Components of a Computer The internet is a worldwide collection of networks that connects millions of A computer contains many electric, electronic, businesses, government agencies, and mechanical components known as educational institutions, and individuals hardware People use the internet for a variety of Input Device reasons, some include: ○ Allows you to enter data and instructions to a ○ Communicate computer ○ Research and Access Information Output device ○ Shop ○ Hardware component that conveys ○ Band and Invest information to one or more people ○ Online Trading System Unit ○ Entertainment ○ Case that contains the electronic components ○ Download Music of the computer that are used to process data ○ Share Videos Storage Device ○ Web Application ○ Holds data, instructions, and information for future use Computer Software Communications Device ○ Enables a computer to send and receive Software, also called program, tells the data, instructions, and information to and computer what tasks to perform and how to from one or more computers or mobile perform them. Which can be devices ○ System Software OS Advantages and Disadvantages of using Utility Program computers ○ Application Software A programmer develops software or writes the instructions that direct the computer to process data into information Categories of Computers Green Computing ○ Involves reducing electricity consumed and environmental waste generated when using a computer. Strategies include:  Personal Computers The Mobile Devices ○ Can perform all of its input, processing, output, and storage activities by itself A mobile device is a general term for ○ The 2 popular architectures are the PC any type of handheld computer and the Apple Desktop computers These devices are designed to be Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices extremely portable, and can often fit in ○ A mobile computer is a personal your hand computer you can carry from place to Some of these like tablets, e-readers, place and smartphones are powerful enough like notebook computers, laptop to do many of the same things you can computers, and tablet PCs do with a desktop or laptop computer ○ A mobile device is a computing device small enough to hold in your hand Tablet Computers Like smart phones, PDAs, handheld ○ They are designed to be portable like computers, portable media players, laptops but provides a different and digital cameras computing experience Game Consoles ○ The most obvious difference is that ○ A mobile computing device designed for these do not have keyboards or simple-player or multiplayer video games touchpad but rather the entire screen Servers is touch-sensitive allowing you to ○ Controls access to the hardware, type on a virtual keyboard and use software, and other resources on a your finger as a mouse pointer network ○ Provides a centralized storage area for programs, data, and information Mainframes ○ A large, expensive, powerful computer that can handle hundreds or thousands ○ of connected users simultaneously E-readers or E-book readers Supercomputers ○ Similar to tablet computers but are ○ The fastest, most powerful computer mainly designed for reading e-books ○ Is capable of processing more than one (digital and downloadable books) quadrillion instructions in a single second ○ Examples include the Amazon Embedded Computers Kindle, Barnes & Noble Nook and ○ A special-purpose computer that Kobo functions as a component in a larger product ○ Such as in Consumer Electronics, Home Automation Devices, Automobiles, Process Controllers & Robotics, and Computer Devices & Office Machines ○ Computer Applications in Society Smartphones ○ A more powerful version of a Education traditional cell phone Finance ○ In addition to basic features of phone Government calls, voicemail, and text messaging, Health Care smartphones can connect to the Science internet over Wi-Fi or a cellular Publishing network (which requires purchasing Travel a monthly data plan) Manufacturing  Wired ○ Cable Internet service ○ DSL (digital subscriber line) ○ Fiber to the Premises (FTTP) Wireless ○ Wi-Fi (wireless fidelity) ○ ○ Mobile broadband ○ Fixed wireless ○ Satellite Internet Service MODULE 3 - CONNECTING AND ○ Hot spot COMMUNICATING ONLINE a wireless network that provides Internet connections to mobile computers and The Internet devices can be created by tethering a smartphone It is a worldwide collection of networks that or using a comms. device connects millions of businesses, government agencies, educational institutions, and individuals Originating from 1969 as ‘ARPANET’ (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) having 2 main goals: ○ Allow scientists at different physical locations to share information and work Internet service provider (ISP) together ○ A business that provides individuals and ○ Functions even if part of the network were organizations access to the internet free or disabled or destroyed by a disaster for a fee Brief history: ○ Bandwidth = the measure of network ○ 1969 - ARPANET becomes functional capability to send and receive data ○ 1984 - ARPANET acquires more than 1000 Megabyte MB individual computers linked as hosts Gigabyte GB ○ Today - Millions of hosts connect to the Megabit mb internet Process of a home user’s request for eBay’s webpage may travel the internet Connecting to the Internet Using wired connections, a computer/device physically attaches via a cable or wire to a communications device ○ Computers/devices without a communications device can use a wireless modem or other communications device that enable wireless connectivity ○ ○ A modem is one way to connect computers and mobile devices to the internet IP address (Internet Protocol address) ○ A sequence of numbers that uniquely identifies the location of each computer/device connected to any network/Internet ○ Domain name  ○ A text-based name that corresponds to the ○ Set of symbols used by developers to IP address of a server specify the headings, paragraphs, images, ○ Popular top-level domains links, and other content elements that a webpage contains Browser ○ Application that enables users with an Internet connection to access and view webpages on a computer or mobile device ○ Internet-capable mobile devices use a special type of browser, called a mobile browser ○ Home page The first page a website displays ○ Current browsers typically support tabbed DNS server browsing ○ Is what translates the domain name into its associated IP address Many websites provide a mobile version that is designed specifically for mobile browser display ○ IPv4 is composed of 32-bit address length and is the fourth version of the Internet Protocol ○ ○ IPv6 is composed of 128-bit address length and is the latest updated version of the Webpage Internet Protocol ○ Has a unique address called ‘web address’ or ‘URL’ Web app ○ An application stored on a web server access through a browser ○ Usually store user data and info to their hosts’ servers ○ I.e. Netflix, OneDrive, Google Docs, etc. Types of Websites Web Search Engine The World Wide Web ○ The software that finds websites , webpages, images, videos, news, maps, World Wide Web (WWW or web) and other information related to a specific ○ Consists of the worldwide collection of topic electronic documents (webpages) ○ The Subject Directory classifies webpages in Website organized sets of categories, such as sports ○ collection of related webpages and or shopping, and related subcategories associated items Web server Search Engine Operators ○ a computer that delivers requested Oper Descripti Exampl Explanation webpages to your computer or mobile ator on es device HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)  Spac Display art + Results have ○ Media sharing e or + search music both words, art ○ Bookmarking results art and music, in ○ News, weather, sports, and other mass that music any order media include ○ Educational specific ○ Business, governmental, and organizational words. ○ Blogs OR Display dog OR Results have ○ Wiki and collaboration search puppy either the ○ Health and fitness results dog OR word, dog, or ○ Science that puppy the word, ○ Entertainment include OR Puppy. Results ○ Banking and finance only one canine have the word, ○ Travel and tourism word from dog, or the a list. word, puppy, ○ Mapping or the word, ○ Retail and auctions canine. ○ Careers and employment ○ E-commerce () Combine Kalama Results ○ Portals search zoo include both results Michiga words, ○ Content aggregation that n Kalamazoo ○ Website creation and management include (pizza Michigan, and Web publishing specific OR either the ○ The creation and maintenance of websites words subs) word, pizza, or ○ Steps with those the word, Plan the website that subs. Design the website include only one Create the website word from Host the website a list. Maintain the website _ Exclude a automo Results word from bile-con include the Digital Media on the Web search vertible word, results. automobile, Multimedia but do not ○ Refers to any application that combines text include the with media word, ○ Graphics convertible. a visual representation of non text “” Search "19th Results information for an century include the Helps convey messages and make the exact literatur exact phrase, website more dynamic and enticing phrase in e" 19th century BMP, GIF, JPEG, PNG, and TIFF a certain literature. Infographics order. a visual representation of data and * Substitute writer* Results information, designed to communicate character include any quickly, simplify complex concepts, or s in place word that present patterns or trends at a glance of the begins with the ○ Animation asterisk. text, writer appearance of motion created by (e.g., writer, writers, displaying a series of still images in writer's) sequence ○ Audio includes music, speech, or any other Types of Websites sound ○ Search engine Usually compressed to reduce file size ○ Online social network ○ Informational and research  Audio is heard on a computer using a ○ real-time typed conversation that takes place media player like Windows Media Player on a computer or mobile device with many where you can listen to music and watch other online users videos Chat room ○ Video ○ website or application that permits users to consists of images displayed in motion chat with others who are online at the same ○ Virtual Reality time the use of computers to simulate a real or ○ As you type other users in the same chat imagined environment that appears as a room see what you’ve typed three-dimensional (3-D) space Online discussion A VR world can be explored using a touch ○ an online area in which users have written screen or their input device such as discussions about a particular subject exploring the inside of the Gemini 7 space ○ I.e. capsule at Smithsonian Air and Space Museum from their computer or mobile device Plug-in/Add-on ○ Programs that extends the capability of a browser Other Internet Services VolP (Voice over IP) Email ○ enables users to speak to other users via ○ Transmission of messages and files via a their Internet connection computer network FTP (File Transfer Protocol) ○ Email Program ○ an Internet standard that permits file Allows the act of create, send, receive, uploading and downloading to and from forward, store, print, and delete email other computers on the Internet messages ○ Many OS include FTP capabilities ○ How an email may travel from sender to ○ FTP server receiver a computer that allows users to upload and/or download files using FTP *it’s the reason why downloading things off different website can have varying download speeds* Netiquette Netiquette ○ Code of acceptable Internet behavior users ○ Email List should follow while on the Internet A group of email addresses used for mass distribution of a message Internet messaging services ○ Often occurring in real-time, communications services notify you when one or more of your established contacts are online which then allows the exchange of messages or files or join a private chat room with them ○ I.e. a Messenger gc conversation appears on all parties’ screens at the same time Chat ○