Clinical Bacteriology Lecture Notes PDF

[TRANS] LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY TYPES OF CELLS (CELLULAR MICROBE) OUTLINE I Introduction to Microbiology II Microbial Taxonomy III History of Micro...

[TRANS] LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY TYPES OF CELLS (CELLULAR MICROBE) OUTLINE I Introduction to Microbiology II Microbial Taxonomy III History of Microbiology IV Importance of Microbiology V Careers in Microbiology WHAT IS MICROBIOLOGY? Scientific study of microorganisms Micro- too small to be seen with the naked eye. Bio- life Logy-study of CELLULAR MICROORGANISMS Fungi Unicellular form (yeast) - replicate asexually Filamentous form (mold) - replicate sexually ACELLULAR INFECTIONS AGENT Dimorphic -exist as either yeast or molds PRIONS o Misfolded protein particles o Neurodegenerative diseases VIRUS o DNA or RNA o Not both o ds or ss o Enveloped or non-enveloped DIMORPHIC FUNGI Occur in 2 forms § Molds (Filaments) - 25°C (soil) § Yeasts - 37°C (in host tissue) o Most fungi causing systemic infections are dimorphic: - Histoplasma capsulatum -Blastomyces dermatidis -Paracoccidioides brasiliensis -Coccidioides immitis -Penicillium marneffei -Sporothrix schenkii CELLULAR MICROORGANISMS: EUKARYOTES AQUINO, MARIANNE D. | BSMT 1  TRANS: INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY o Parasites § S. aureus, S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes Protozoa Informal designation § Amoeba § When referred to as a group § Flagellates § Names are neither capitalized nor underlined § Cillate § staphylococci, streptococci § Sporozoa IDENTIFICATION Helminths Methods: § Nematodes o Genotypic characteristics § Cestodes o Phenotypic characteristics § Trematodes § Macroscopic § Microscopic § Staining § Environmental § Resistance profiles § Antigenic profiles § Subcellular profiles OTHER TERMINOLOGIES IN BACTERIAL CELLULAR MICROOGANISMS: PROKARYOTES TAXONOMY Biogroup- group of microorganisms that share the same Bacteria biochemical properties. o 1-20 mm or larger o Shapes (sphere, rods, spirals) o Serogroup - group of microorganisms having similar o Spatial (single cells, chains, cluster) antigens. o Binary fission o Epithet - proper word for the name of the species. o Strain - altered or variant microorganism within the o Bacterial cell wall forms: Gram Positive & Gram same species. Negative o Morphovar / Morphotype - prokaryotic strain that MICROBIAL TAXONOMY differs morphologically from other strains. 3 Distinct areas o Polyphasic Taxonomy - Modern system of bacterial Classification classification and identification (phylogenetic, § Categorization of organisms into taxonomic phenotypic, and genotypic characterizations). groups (based on biochemical, physiologic, HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY genetic, and morphologic properties) DKPCOFGS ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK (1632-1723) Nomenclature § Naming of an organism by international rules Considered as the first true microbiologist according to its characteristics § Father of Microbiology Identification § Father of Bacteriology o Practical use of a classification scheme to: § Father of Protozoology § Isolate and distinguish desirable organisms from First person to see live bacteria and protozoa undesirable ones He observed and described microorganisms such as § Verify the authenticity or special properties of a bacteria and protozoa as "Animalcules", culture in a clinical setting § Isolate and identify the causative agent of a disease CLASSIFICATION Species (abbreviated as sp., singular, or spp., plural) o Most basic of the taxonomic groups / collection of bacterial strains Subspecies SPONTANEOUS GENERATION THEORY § Subgroups within a species o Biotype o Serotype o Genotype Genus (plural, genera) o Composed of various species with common characteristics Family o Composed of similar genera NOMENCLATURE Established guidelines provided by the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria or the Bacteriological Code o Genus designation - First letter is always capitalized o Species designation - first letter is always lower case o Italics or underlined § Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes Abbreviated AQUINO, MARIANNE D.| BSMT 2  TRANS: INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY FRANCESCO REDI (1668) Demonstrated that maggots could not arise spontaneously from decaying meat. JOHN TYNDALL Tyndallization JOHN NEEDHAM (1745) § Method of Sterilization in 1860 Boiled mutton broth using flask → eventually became § Bacterial spores can be destroyed cloudy § Moist heat for 3 consecutive days § 100°C for 30 minutes LAZZARO SPALLANZANI (1765) FERDINAND COHN Improved the previous experiments of Needham Discovered that some bacteria could withstand heating and § Heating the broth placed in a sealed jar. boiling § Spallanzani’s results contradicted the findings of § Endospores Needham Classification of bacteria into four groups based on shape Microbes move through the air and that they could be killed through boiling ROBERT KOCH Germ theory of disease (Koch's postulates) Show evidence that bacteria can cause diseases Discovered Bacillus anthracis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis RUDOLF VIRCHOW First to cultivate bacteria on boiled potatoes, gelatin, meat extracts, and protein. Challenged spontaneous generation theory with the Developed a culture medium concept of biogenesis. KOCH’S POSTULATES: PROOF OF THE GERM THEORY OF DISEASE LOUIS PASTEUR Disproved the Spontaneous Generation § Swan-neck flask experiment Proposed the use of heat in killing microorganisms Developed the vaccine against anthrax and rabies Fermentation and Pasteurization AQUINO, MARIANNE D.| BSMT 3  TRANS: INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY COLLABORATORS OF KOCH ALEXANDER FLEMING Walther Hesse Discovered the penicillin Introduced the use of culture media § Penicillium chrysogenum Fanny Hesse Discovered the lysozyme Suggested the use of agar, as a solidifying agent, in the HOWARD FLOREY AND ERNEST CHAIN preparation of culture media. They made the purification process for penicillin and the Julius Richard Petri clinical trials to humans Developed the petri dish EDWARD ABRAHAM Martinus Beijerinck and Sergei Winogradsky Developed the enrichment-culture technique and the use He was the first to propose the correct biochemical structure of selective media of penicillin. EDWARD JENNER PAUL EHRLICH Introduced the concept of vaccination Discovered the treatment of syphilis - Arsenic § smallpox vaccine § Salvarsan (Arsphenamine) Coined the word vaccine from the Latin 'vacca for cow SYPHILIS o Syphilis is a bacterial Infection usually spread by sexual contact. The disease starts as a painless sore IGNAZ SEMMERLWEIS - typically on your genitals, rectum or mouth. Demonstrated that routine handwashing can prevent the o Syphilis spreads from person to person via skin or spread of disease mucous membrane contact with these sores. IMPORTANCE OF MICROBIOLOGY Environment Plants Animals Agriculture Industry Nitrogen cycle Medicine CAREERS IN MICROBIOLOGY JOSEPH LISTER Bacteriology- Bacteriologist Protozoology- Protozoologist Introduced the system of antiseptic surgery in Phycology- Phycologist Britain Parasitology- Parasitologist Use of phenol as an antimicrobial agent for surgical wound Mycology- Mycologist dressing Virology- Virologist SELMAN WAKSMAN Discovered the Streptomycin and neomycin antibiotics Father of Antibiotics AQUINO, MARIANNE D.| BSMT 4  TRANS: INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY DIAGNOSTIC MICROBIOLOGY REFERENCES Quality of the specimen collection from the patient Techniques to demonstrate the microbe in the sample Notes from the discussion by Roel Jr. R. Guinto, RMT, Determine the antimicrobial activity MSMT Planning Treatment § Virulence of the organism National University powerpoint presentation: Roel Jr. R. § Site of infection Guinto, RMT, MSMT § Patient's ability to respond to the host-parasite interaction AQUINO, MARIANNE D.| BSMT 5