Water Regulations Lecture Notes PDF

01/10/2024 WATER ENVIRONMENT E O 1 2.C EL G 2 1  01/10/2024 Sources of...

01/10/2024 WATER ENVIRONMENT E O 1 2.C EL G 2 1  01/10/2024 Sources of water Surface Subsurface E Rivers Lakes and Ponds Impounded Springs Infiltration Wells streams resesrvoirs galleries O 3 2.C WATER QUALITY EL G 4 2  01/10/2024 Water Pollution – means any alteration of the physical, chemical, biological or radiological properties of a water body resulting to the impairment of its purity or quality Parameters of Water Pollution The following parameters determine the nature and extent of pollution in water: E (i) Physical parameters—color, odor, turbidity, density, temperature, and so on (ii) Chemical parameters—pH, total dissolved solids (TDS) and their ionic composition, suspended solids, dissolved oxygen (DO), residual chorine, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), redox O potential, radioactive substances, organic materials, metallic ions (including heavy metals), oxides, by-products of industries, and so on (iii) Biological parameters—different types of microorganisms, bacteria, algae, small animals such as protozoa and crustaceans, and so on 5 2.C TYPES OF WATER POLLUTANTS EL (i) Organic pollutants—These include degradable and non-degradable products, as well as disease-causing agents, plant nutrients, sewage, synthetic organic compounds, and oil. IT LOWERS THE Dissolved oxygen (DO) IN THE WATER. G (ii) Inorganic pollutants—These pollutants consist of inorganic salts, finely divided metal or metal compounds, trace elements, complexes of metal with organic moiety mineral acid 6 3  01/10/2024 (iii) Sediments—Sediments are insoluble soil particles of unknown composition that enter water bodies by soil erosion. In fact, sediments are the most extensive pollutants of surface water. It has roughly been estimated that suspended solids loading reaching natural waters are about 700 times as large as the solids loading from sewage discharge. Several factors such as agricultural practices, construction activities, and strip mining activities have great influences on solid erosion rates in the E given area. (iv) Radioactive substances—Radioactive pollution is the worst pollution among all and it is detrimental to health. Sources of environmental O radioisotopes may broadly be grouped as natural (cosmic rays) and artificial (nuclear plants). 7 2.C EL (v) Thermal pollutants—Coal-fired or nuclear fuels used by steam power plants are among the most important sources of thermal pollutants, as only a fraction of the heat generated using these fuels is successfully converted to work and the remaining is wasted. Even in the modern coal-fired plants, the efficiency does not exceed 40%. The condensers used in these plants G utilize water from nearby river or lake or municipal sources and discharge the wastewater back to the water body, with its temperature being raised by about 10°C in the process. This decreases the DO level of water and adversely affects the aquatic life. 8 4  01/10/2024 MAIN SOURCES OF POLLUTANTS 1. POINT SOURCES: SOURCES THAT ARE READILY IDENTIFIABLE AT A SINGLE LOCATION INDUSTRIAL WASTE DISPOSAL E LEACHING RESIDUE TIPS WATER TREATMENT PLANT SANITARY LANDFILLS MUNICIPAL SEWAGE LEAKAGE O AERIAL FALLOUT COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOWS INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT SEEPAGE RAW SEWAGE DISPOSAL 9 2.C NON-POINT SOURCES: SOURCES WHOSE LOCATION CANNOT BE IDENTIFIED EL (A) POLLUTION DUE TO INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS (B) POLLUTION DUE TO AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES (C) OIL POLLUTION (D) EUTROPHICATION, CONSEQUENCES AND CONTROL OF EUTROPHICATION (E) HEAVY METALS (F) PESTICIDES G (G) RADIOACTIVE WASTE 10 5  01/10/2024 WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF WATER POLLUTION? EFFECT ON AQUATIC LIFE – HEAVY METALS AND INDUSTRIAL WASTE THAT OFTEN CONTAINS MANY TOXIC SUBSTANCES CAN BE LETHAL, KILLING THE FISH AND PLANT LIFE. IT MAY ALSO AFFECT THE REPRODUCTIVE RATE OF SOME MARINE LIFE DISRUPTING THE COMMUNITY STRUCTURE OF AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT. ALSO, ORGANIC MATTERS AND EXCESSIVE NUTRIENTS E FROM RUN-OFFS CAUSES EUTROPHICATION EFFECT ON ANIMALS – ANIMALS THAT FEED ON CONTAMINATED FOOD SUPPLY ARE ALSO O AFFECTED. EFFECT ON HUMANS – WATER POLLUTION HAS ALSO BEEN A CAUSE OF HUMAN DEATHS FROM 11 2.C WATER-RELATED DISEASES SUCH AS DIARRHEA, CHOLERA, ETC. HEAVY METALS EL ARSENIC, CADMIUM, LEAD, NICKEL, MANGANESE, AND MOLYBDENUM: THESE METALS ARE POTENTIALLY HARMFUL TO HUMAN LIFE AS THEY ARE BIOACCUMULATIVE. ALSO, WITH THE ADDITION OF COPPER AND CHROMIUM, ALL THESE METALS BECOME VERY DETRIMENTAL TO AQUATIC LIFE. ZINC, LEAD, ALUMINIUM, BORON, AND IRON: EITHER IN ACID SOILS OR AS SALTS G PRECIPITATED BY NEUTRALIZING ACID SOLUTIONS. THEY ARE ALL TOXIC TO PLANT GROWTH. MERCURY: MERCURY IS HIGHLY TOXIC, IT IS BIOACCUMULATIVE. ITS DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS ON ANIMALS AND HUMANS ARE IRREVERSIBLE. IT CAN ALSO CAUSE MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE TO ALL TYPES OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 12 6  01/10/2024 E O 13 2.C EL G 14 7  01/10/2024 DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH CONTAMINATED WATER E O 15 2.C DEFINITION OF WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS EL PH (POWER OF HYDROGEN) - IS A MEASURE OF THE HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION IN WATER. IT IS ALSO A MEASURE OF THE ACID OR ALKALINE CONTENT. PH VALUES RANGE FROM 0 TO 14, WHERE 7 INDICATES NEUTRAL WATER; VALUES LESS THAN 7, INCREASING ACIDITY; AND VALUES GREATER THAN 7, INCREASING ALKALINITY. THE PH OF WATER IN ITS NATURAL STATE OFTEN VARIES FROM 5.5 TO 9.0. DISSOLVED OXYGEN (DO) - IS THE CONCENTRATION OF OXYGEN MEASURED IN ITS DISSOLVED FORM. G WITHOUT FREE DO, STREAMS AND LAKES BECOME UNINHABITABLE TO GILL-BREATHING AQUATIC ORGANISMS (AT LEAST 5 MG/L). DISSOLVED OXYGEN IS INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL TO TEMPERATURE, AND THE MAXIMUM OXYGEN THAT CAN BE DISSOLVED IN WATER AT MOST AMBIENT TEMPERATURES IS ABOUT 10 MG/L. BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD OR BOD5) - DETERMINES THE CONCENTRATION OF OXYGEN REQUIRED FOR THE DECOMPOSITION OF BIODEGRADABLE ORGANIC MATTER FROM A POLLUTION SOURCE. IT IS AN INDICATOR OF PROCESS PERFORMANCE. 16 8  01/10/2024 CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (COD) – IS A MEASUREMENT OF THE OXYGEN REQUIRED TO CHEMICALLY OXIDIZE SOLUBLE AND PARTICULATE ORGANIC MATTER IN WATER. COD CAN BE USED TO ESTIMATE THE BOD OF A GIVEN SAMPLE. IT IS A BETTER MEASURE OF LAGOON’S ABILITY TO STABILIZE WASTE. TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS (TSS) – IS THE CONCENTRATION OF UNDISSOLVED SOLID PARTICLES IN WATER, SUCH AS SILT, DECAYING PLANT AND ANIMAL MATTER, AND DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIAL WASTES. IT IS INDICATIVE OF THE EXTENT OF SEDIMENTATION RESULTING FROM LAND-BASED E ACTIVITIES. TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS (TDS) - THEORETICALLY, THE ANHYDROUS RESIDUES OF THE DISSOLVED CONSTITUENTS IN WATER. TOTAL COLIFORMS – GROUP OF BACTERIA WITH COMMON CHARACTERISTICS USED TO INDICATE O WATER QUALITY; INCLUDES BACTERIA FOUND IN SOIL, IN WATER INFLUENCED BY SURFACE WATER, AND IN HUMAN AND ANIMAL WASTES. 17 2.C EL G 18 9  01/10/2024 PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARDS FOR DRINKING WATER Potability – the quality of water that renders it safe and fit for human consumption. LWD Performance with respect to this indicator shall mean compliance to the Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water (PNSDW) and all issuances and guidelines by the Department of Health(DOH) and the Local Water Utilities Administration (LWUA) E PD 1067 – The WATER CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES A decree instituting a Water Code, thereby revising and consolidating the laws governing the ownership, appropriation, utilization, exploitation, development, conservation and protection of water resources O DAO 2017-0010 – PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARDS FOR DRINKING WATER DAO 1994-26 - PHILIPPINE STANDARDS FOR DRINKING WATER 1993 UNDER PD 856, OTHERWISE KNOWN AS THE CODE ON SANITATION OF THE.C PHILIPPINES. 19 2 DAO 2017-0010 PNS FOR DRINKING WATER EL G 20 10  01/10/2024 < 1 thermotolerant coliform colonies/100 mL 0.010 mg/L 0.003 mg/L E 0.010 mg/L 50 mg/L 10 CU 5 NTU O 6.5-8.5 600 mg/L 0.3 -1.5 mg/L 21 2.C DISINFECTION EL Disinfection is a water treatment processes designed to destroy disease - causing micro-organisms. - Water disinfection means the removal, deactivation or killing of pathogenic microorganisms. - Disinfection is often universally employed by water distribution systems, even when water at the source is deemed already potable – as a precautionary measure to control the spread of waterborne diseases G Chlorination is the process of adding the element chlorine to water to make it safe for human consumption as drinking water. - Chlorination has the advantage of oxidizing bacteria and virus even after the point of application due to its residual action. (hence any bacteria introduced to the system after the point of chlorination can still be eliminated by the residual chlorine in the water) 22 11  01/10/2024 Policy Formulation and PD 424 creating the NWRC Coordination (March 28, 1974) EO 124-A renamed NWRC to NWRB; transferred technical PD 1067 The Water function to DPWH/BRS Code of the Philippines (1987) (1976) Resource Regulation EO 123 reconstituted the E NWRB Board; transferring NWRB to DENR and transferring regulatory PD 1206 assigned the functions of LWUA to residual functions of the National NWRB (2002) Board of Waterworks coordinating and O and the defunct Public regulating agency EO 860 “Redefining the Service Commission to on water resources Composition and Powers of NWRC (1977) management and the NWRB”; Change the Economic Regulation development membership of the NWRB Board”; regulatory function of WDS back to LWUA; 23 2.C transferred NWRB to DENR (2010) EL A law governing the ownership, appropriation, utilization, development and protection of the Philippine water resources Underlying Principles All waters belong to the State All waters that belong to the State can not be the subject of acquisitive G The State may allow the use or development of waters by administrative concession The utilization, exploitation, development, conservation and protection of water resources shall be subject to the control and regulation of the government through the National Water Resources Council (NWRC) now National Water Resources Board (NWRB) Preference in the use and development of waters shall consider current usages and be responsive to the changing needs of the country 24 12  01/10/2024 “Water Rights – is the privilege granted by the government to appropriate and use water, evidence by a document known as a water permit.” Prior appropriation doctrine of “first in time, first in right” for water allocation is adopted E The measure and limit of appropriation of water shall be beneficial use. “Beneficial use” is the utilization of water in the right O amount during the period that the water is needed for producing the benefits for which the water is appropriated 25 2.C EL ARTICLE 13 OF PD 1067 USES OF WATER “Except as otherwise herein provided, no person Domestic including government instrumentalities or Municipal government owned or controlled Irrigation G corporations, shall appropriate water without Power Generation a water right, which shall be evidenced by a Fisheries document known as a water permit.” Livestock Raising Industrial Recreational Other Purposes 26 13  01/10/2024 WHEN PERMIT/AUTHORITY MUST BE SECURED FROM NWRB Appropriation of water for any purpose E Change in purpose of appropriation Amendment of an existing permit Transfer/Lease of water permit Temporary permit to appropriate and use of water O Developing a stream, lake, or spring for recreational purpose Such other instances that will require a permit as determined by the Board 27 2.C Philippine Clean “An Act Providing for a Comprehensive EL Water Act Water Quality Management and for R.A. 9275 Other Purposes” March 2004 The State shall pursue a policy of economic growth in a manner Consistent with the protection, preservation and revival of the quality Of our fresh, brackish and marine waters. -Declaration of Policy, Section 2 of Philippine Clean Water Act G This Act shall apply to water quality management in all water bodies, That it shall primarily apply to the abatement and control of pollution From land based sources, that the water quality standards and Regulations under this Act shall be enforced irrespective of sources of pollution -Coverage of the Act, Section 3 of Philippine Clean Water Act *Laguna de Bay 28 14  01/10/2024 DAO 2005-10 – IRR of Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 - To streamline processes and procedures in the prevention, control and abatement of pollution of the country’s water resources E What are the water quality criteria as set by the Law? DAO 1990-35 – Revised effluent regulations of 1990 DAO 2016-08 – Water Quality Guidelines and General Effluent O Standards of 2016 - Latest amendment on the water and wastewater quality standards..C 29 2 Key Definitions EL Septage : sludge from septic tanks, cesspools (pozo negro) Effluent - discharge which is G passed into bodies of water Wastewater - wastes in liquid form containing pollutants Sewage : wastewater from domestic, commercial, industrial sources Sewerage : system or network of pipelines for collection and treatment of sewage 30 15  01/10/2024 Sewage Collection, Treatment & Disposal  Section 8 requires residential, commercial and industrial establishments to connect to a sewage line provided by concessionaires E O 31 2.C Discharge Permits EL Section 14 regulates effluent discharge to bodies of water LLDA as regulatory agency monitoring discharges to Laguna Lake Prohibited Acts Section 27 prohibits the ff: Discharging directly or indirectly into water bodies causing water pollution G Discharging without valid discharge permits Dumping or transporting into water bodies sewage sludge or solid waste Disposing of infectious medical wastes  Fine of not less then Php 10,000 to Php 200,000 per day of violation  Issuance of an ex parte order for closure, suspension or cessation of operations of violators 32 16  01/10/2024 Classification of Water Bodies as per Section 5 of DAO 2016-08 E O 33 2.C EL G 34 17  01/10/2024 SECTION 6, DAO 2016-08 WATER QUALITY GUIDELINES E O 35 2.C EL G 36 18  01/10/2024 General Effluent Standards (wastewater) as per Section 7 of DAO 2016-08 E O 37 2.C EL G Complete list of industries be seen in Section 7.1 of DAO 2016-08 38 19  01/10/2024 E O 39 2.C Wastewater Effluent Standards as per DAO 2016-08 EL G 40 20  01/10/2024 E O *Most of the rivers/creeks where mostly of the industries wastewater effluents were released are classified as Class C water body. DENR-EMB has classified these water bodies on classes based on their quality as set by the water quality guidelines..C 41 2 Section 11 of DAO 2016-08 Prohibitions EL G 42 21  01/10/2024 E O 43 2.C Why the need for the Clean Water Act? EL G  Low sewerage coverage  Degradation of water quality from domestic wastes  Spread of waterborne diseases  Decline in fish production 44 22  01/10/2024 Low Sewerage Coverage in 2004 Vientiane Jakarta 4%  Only about 4% of Manila the population Ho Chi Minh City had access to Kathmandu Dhaka Colombo sewerage in 2000 Phnom Penh E Ulaanbaatar Karachi  Outside Metro Delhi Manila, access to Shanghai sewerage Kuala Lumpur Tashkent network almost Chengdu non-existent O Seoul Osaka Hong Kong 0 20 40 60 80 10 0 Source: Asian Development Bank. 2004. Water in Asian Cities: Utilities Performance and Society Views. Manila. 45 2.C Indiscriminate disposal of wastewater is one of EL the main reasons for degradation of water quality G 46 23  01/10/2024 Domestic Wastes 80% of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) loading in the is from domestic sources E - Phil-WAVES report, O *Manggahan Floodway, Pasig River 47 2.C EL G 48 24  01/10/2024 E O 49 2.C Spread of Waterborne Diseases in 2000s EL G In 1996-2000, 31% of illnesses were from waterborne diseases; gastroenteritis, diarrhea, typhoid, cholera, dysentery, and hepatitis 50 25  01/10/2024 Decline in Fish Production Fish kills as a result of increase in BOD levels, sedimentation and silt pollution E 70% of bangus sold in Metro Manila is from Laguna Lake O 51 2.C EL G 26