Organic Chemistry 1 (CHE 111) Lecture Notes, PDF

 Lecturer: Alexndria University. Taghreed Faculty of Engineering M.M.Z., prof. Specialized Scientific Programs Dr Biomedical Engineering BME Organic chemistry 1 (CHE 111)  1-P.Y.Bruice “Organic Chemistry” eighth edition,2016,Pe...

 Lecturer: Alexndria University. Taghreed Faculty of Engineering M.M.Z., prof. Specialized Scientific Programs Dr Biomedical Engineering BME Organic chemistry 1 (CHE 111)  1-P.Y.Bruice “Organic Chemistry” eighth edition,2016,Pearson, USA 2-T.W. Graham Solomons “Organic Course Chemistry” 11 th Ed., 2014, John Wiley, New References: York., USA 3-Francis A. Carey “Organic Chemistry “ ninth edition, 2014, Mc Graw Hill, NY,USA 4-William H. Brown “Organic Chemistry” 8 th Ed., 2018, Cengage Learning, USA 5-Michael B. Smith, Biochemistry An Organic Chemistry Approach,2020, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC,NY,USA Team code 0xh0kgc Course objectives Have an idea about basic concepts of molecular Have structure, chemical bonding, molecular geometry, resonance, isomerism and acid-base chemistry. Know main functional groups of organic Know compounds families and study their physical and chemical properties Major Major chemical reactions and mechanisms associated with each family Know Know important applications of organic chemistry in biomedical engineering Acquire Acquire experimental experience in handling and identifying organic compounds.  Course contents Carbon Representative Alkanes & Compounds and Carbon Alkenes & Chemical Bonds Compounds Alkynes Aromatic Alcohols phenols compounds  Evaluation procedures First mid term 12.5 Second mid term 12.5 Lab 15 Lect. attendance& quizzes 10 Final 50 Chapter 1 Carbon Compounds and Chemical Bonds  -Define organic chemistry and its importance. -Types of chemical bonds Learning Objectives - How to represent organic molecules. -Resonance theory. Definition:- Organic chemistry is the study of hydrocarbons (compounds of carbon and hydrogen) and their derivatives Organic chemistry and life We are central role in The food that pesticides, serious composed medicine, we eat and the paints, environmental mainly of bioengineerin clothes that adhesives, and problems. organic g, we wear are plastics are all (organic compounds. nanotechnolog comprised of made from refrigerants, (e,g DNA, y, etc. organic organic synthetic, protein compounds. compounds dyes) enzymes, vitamins)  Biological Relevance ❑Bioorganic compounds are organic compounds found in living systems such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins, nucleic acids, enzymes, and hormones— ❑Many of these compounds are larger than the organic compounds ❑ They often have more than one functional group, ❑But the principles that govern their structure and reactivity are essentially the same as those that govern the structure and reactivity of the organic compounds Common examples of bioorganic compounds include the sugar sucrose (C12H22O11), vitamin B2 (C117H120N4O6), cholesterol (C27H46O. )and DNA, which stores genetic information, has molecular weights that range 3 million to 2 billion. Currently, there are about 16 million known organic compounds. Why are there so many carbon-containing compounds? The answer lies in carbon’s position in the periodic table. Carbon is in the center of the second row of elements. We will see that the atoms to the left of carbon have a tendency to give up electrons, whereas the atoms to the right have a tendency to accept electrons  Because carbon is in the middle, it neither readily gives up nor readily accepts electrons. Carbon can share electrons with several kinds of atoms as well as with other carbon atoms. Organic compounds consist of atoms held together by covalent bonds. When an organic compound reacts, some of these covalent bonds break and some new covalent bonds form. Let us review how the elements of C, H, O, halogens and N combine by sharing electron pairs to form bonds, and ultimately molecules. Electronic configurati on of the first ten elements ❑ The major factor that determines the chemical behavior of an element is the number of valence electrons it has. ❑ Valence electrons are electrons in an atom’s outermost shell. for example, carbon has four valence electrons. ❑ Valence electrons participate in chemical bonding Study problem How many valence electrons does each of the following atoms have? (a) Na (b) Cl (c) Si (d) B (e) Ne (f) N Types of chemical bonds: "The OCTET Rule" Atoms form bonds to produce the electron configuration of a noble gas (because the electronic configuration of noble gases is particularly stable). For all the noble gases except helium, this means achieving an octet of electrons in the valence shell. Atoms close to helium achieve a valence shell configuration of 2 electrons, such as H, Li, Be We call the tendency for an atom to achieve a configuration where its valence shell contains eight electrons the octet rule  An atom may lose or gain enough electrons to acquire a filled valence Atoms form bonds to shell produce the electron configuration of a noble gas An atom may share electrons with one or more other atoms to acquire a filled valence shell. Covalent bond: A covalent bond consists of the mutual sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between two atoms. These electrons are simultaneously attracted by the two atomic nuclei Shared electrons located in the space between the two nuclei are called bonding electrons. The bonded pair is the “glue” that holds the atoms together in molecular units.  Test yourself (1): What is the electron configuration of C+ and C- Does either one of these ions have a noble gas (closed-shell) electron configuration? The ionization energy of carbon is too large and the electron affinity too small for carbon to realistically form a C+ or C- Nonpolar and polar covalent bonds Covalent bonds Nonpolar EN