Microbial Community Dynamics and Human Health Lecture PDF

microbial community dynamics and human health microbiome = all microorganisms found in a well-defined habitat OXYGENIC PHOTOSYNTHESIS...

microbial community dynamics and human health microbiome = all microorganisms found in a well-defined habitat OXYGENIC PHOTOSYNTHESIS (bacteria , archaea, fungi, algue) CO2 + H > O) "CH20" + 02 ~ carbon dioxide + water) Sugar + oxygen + water * most life forms on earth depend on this autotrophs other heterotrophs * heterotrophs feed on or Lecture Evolution of eukaryotes : linking twigs on tree of life ↳ in eukaryotes , can see organelles 26 fungi : you ↓ structures that play specific roles in the cell (some evolved from the cell membrane) · ↳ others started out as forms that began to live inside other life another cell : endosymbionts ! Often a relationship that benefited both. Fungi ! related to animals than plants - more closely evolved in freshwater. S - ↳ modern descended from unicellular fungi amoeba-like organisms in freshwater ↳ evolved cell-walls and became saprophytic obtaining food by absorbing dissolved organic material ! - fungi have crucial roles as decomposers pathogens , and , form mutualistic organisms they associations w other , especially plants endosymbiont theory and evolution of eukaryotic cells ! Fungal Diversity multiple of multicellularity separate from plants/animals · separate origins C why study fungi ? > - key roles in terrestrialization > - ecology biotechnology > human health > AG and food - - -  Characteristics of MYCELIUM fungi in determinate. heterotrophic eukaryotes · growth · unior muti cellular · shape changes all the time · Chitin-rich cells glycogen (like animals) streaming re-distribute pressure water · uses cytoplasmic : , store Carbon as · , food organelles & nuclei ; fast and over long distances nutrients , , · absorptive nutrition by secreting enzyme to digest externally ! grows by the tips · multicell non-moltile and filamentous · fungi are · can be old and huge ! (ancient single filament hypha (plural hyphae) · = = · network of hyphae = mycelium reproduce by releasing spores that produce sexually/ asexually · play many ecological roles : decomposer, parasites , mutualists Ecological roles of fungi ! Basic Structure body plan - saprophytic decomposers pathogens - · multicell. Fungi have 4 main body parts - predators 1) mycelium - symbionts. 2 ) hypha 3 ) Spore. 4 ) reproductive. structure Ecological roles of fungi : DECOMPOSERS materials through their body ? · break down complex compounds in organic how do fungi more wastes and remains turgor pressure ! · When digestive enzymes are secreted onto these materials , some soluble nutrients escape into nearby soil or H20 plants/other producers then take up Fungal innovations · can these substances to meet their own needs - external digestion - fungal digestive enzymes can break down many sturdy structural proteins that animal digestive enzymes cannot o cellulose o lighin FUN GAL PATHOGENS · Keratin Ecological roles of fungi : · fungal infection= my co sis Spore production ! fungi disperse by releasing microscopic spores · many are plant pathogens (a microorganism that can haploid (n) cause disease) fungal spore one o r more cells enclosed - , within a thick coat ↳Chestnut When the spore germinates (becomes active) it into blight grows a - new haploid mycelium human fungal infections are rarely lethal except · in Immunocompromised individuals , though difficult to treat ! Fungal nutrition/growth ↳ athlete's foot how do ? fungi obtain nutrients 3 main ways of life ! ↳ lethal exception : Valley fever · saprotrophic tissues · parasitic · fungal infections in living · mutualistic losses in AG production ↳ can cause huge Growth Dynamics fever ! · valley mycelium spreads to find resources · · hyphae grow and respond quickly · hyphae maximize sur face area to volume ratio while also transporting resources across large distances via cytoplasmic streaming Ecological roles of fungi PATHOGENS Lecture : 27 algae. pathogen dyceps unilateralis what are algoe ? formerly cordyceps plants - that are Algae = photosynthetic organisms - species specific w/temp and humidity best suited for the fungi - ant moves to location > - not a monophyletic group , but an ecological group - can see evidence of death grips in fossil leaves ↓ set of taxa that share · Chytridiomycosis common ways of life; often - responsible for decline in 501 amphibian speciest extinction in a community context of got species ove rthe past half century PREDATORS Ecological roles of fungi : the oxygen producing photoautotrophic Algae are PLUS cyanobacteria MINUS land plants eukaryotes Oxygenic fungi trap microscopic prey · can * not monophytic group * not even confined to one domain of the tree of life how did photosynthesis arise in so many different SYMBIONTS I non related Ecological roles of fungi : ? lineages · many fungi take part i n mutralism - mutualism : interspecific interaction that benefits Endosymbiosis and Algal groups both participants - hosts include cyanobacteria, algue plants , , animals > - Chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis primary endosymbiosis-bacterium cell and descendants · enters evolve into organelles · mycorrhizae and the root of a · secondary endosymbiosis-photosynthetic protist engulfed by a - partnership between soil funges heterotrophic protis vascular plant hyphae · these surface functionally their increase the absorptive area of plant partner additional heterotrophic an organism deriving its - · shares20 and nutrients taken up fungus requirements from complex organic substances - by its hyphae w/root cells > - in return, the plant supplies fungus · autotrophic - an organism that is able to form nutritional W/sugar organic substances from simple inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide - two main types ! endomycorrhiza-invade cells breakthrough · , cell KEYPOINTS ! wall. Exchange nutrients w/ cytoplasm eubeyesevodchitosynthes age independently nonethe of · ecotmycorrhizae-do not invade celly , exchange th nutrients w/extracellular fluid product of primary endosymbiosis - lichen via became Secondary Symbiosis and green and red algae that symbionts themselves and ended up in a wide · a composite organism typically consists of an diversity of algal clades ascomycete & either cyanobacteria or green algae * evidence includes important eco-role by colonizing too hostile rudimentary nuclei, extra membranes · play places in plastids of some groups for most organisms (ex exposed. rocks) note: some species have lost their capacity for photosynthesis · 3 main forms ! ↳ the malaria agent, Plasmodium 1) Crustose ↳ sudden oak death , Phytophthora ramorum 2. ) fruticose 3. ) foliose FUNGAL ECONOMY · food · toxic · medicine· Psychedelic