Lec-2 - Introduction to Hardware Projects PDF

INTRODUCTION TO HARDWARE PROJECTS ENHANCING PRACTICAL KNOWLEDGE  CONTENTS Introduction Identifying Hardware vs. Software Projects Importance of Hardware Projects Basic Components and Tools Project Ideas Steps to Start a Project  Motivation How to make a "PIR MO...

INTRODUCTION TO HARDWARE PROJECTS ENHANCING PRACTICAL KNOWLEDGE  CONTENTS Introduction Identifying Hardware vs. Software Projects Importance of Hardware Projects Basic Components and Tools Project Ideas Steps to Start a Project  Motivation How to make a "PIR MOTION SENSOR/DETECTOR" on a Breadboard? OVERVIEW OF HARDWARE PROJECTS Involve designing, building, and implementing physical electronic devices or systems. Hardware components like microcontrollers, sensors, actuators, circuits etc. are used. Requires hands-on work with tangible hardware elements. Not just focusing on software or theoretical aspects. Might be simple circuits and electronic prototypes. Might be complex systems like IoT devices, robots, embedded systems, wearable technology etc.  Cont’d Combination of hardware design, circuit building, programming (such as embedded programming or firmware development), testing, and integration of various components to create a functional hardware system.  HARDWARE VS. SOFTWARE PROJECTS Hardware Projects Software Projects Involves physical components Focuses on coding and software (e.g., sensors, microcontrollers). development. Requires assembly of electronic Involves creating applications, websites, parts. or algorithms. Example: Building a temperature Example: Developing a mobile app for monitoring system using Arduino. weather forecasting. KEY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE PROJECTS Development Process: Skills Required: Project Outcomes: Hardware: Design circuits, Hardware: Knowledge of Hardware: Physical device assemble components, test electronics, soldering, circuit or system. physical prototypes. design. Software: Digital Software: Write code, Software: Proficiency in application or software debug software, test programming languages, solution. applications on devices. software development tools.  Innovation and Development: IMPORTANCE OF Leading to the development of new devices and HARDWARE PROJECTS systems that can improve efficiency, productivity, and quality of life. Practical Application: Translate theoretical knowledge into practical solutions. Economic Impact: Contribute to the economic growth of a region by fostering innovation and entrepreneurship. Educational Value: Provides hands-on experience. Crucial for understanding complex concepts in engineering and technology. Bridge the gap between classroom learning and real-world application.  Cont’d Interdisciplinary Collaboration: Collaboration across various fields such as electrical engineering, computer science, mechanical engineering, and material science. This interdisciplinary approach can lead to more comprehensive and effective solutions. Environmental Impact: Focusing on sustainable design and materials, hardware projects can contribute to environmental conservation and reduce the ecological footprint of technology. Security and Reliability: In critical applications such as aerospace, defence, and healthcare, the development of robust and secure hardware is essential to ensure the reliability and safety of systems. BASIC COMPONENTS AND TOOLS OF HARDWARE PROJECTS Microcontrollers and Microprocessors: A microcontroller is a compact integrated circuit designed to govern a specific operation in an embedded system. A microprocessor is a small computer contained on an integrated circuit, also called a semiconductor chip or microchip. Examples: Arduino (Microcontroller) Raspberry Pi(Microprocessor)  Cont’d Sensors and Actuators: A sensor is a device that detects and responds to some type of input from the physical environment. An actuator is a part of a device or machine that helps it to achieve physical movements by converting energy, often electrical, air, or hydraulic, into mechanical force. Examples: Light Sensors Motors(Actuators) Temperature Sensors  Cont’d Communication Modules: Communication module supports data transmission and communication and provides operation and maintenance services for customers through the IoT platform. Examples: Wi-Fi Bluetooth Zigbee modules  Cont’d Power Supply Components:A power supply unit (PSU) is a hardware device that converts AC electricity into DC electricity and then distributes it to the rest of the computer. Examples: Batteries Voltage Regulators  Cont’d Basic Tools : Multimeter:The working principle of the multimeter is to use different measurement techniques to measure electricity. Soldering Iron:A soldering iron is a handheld tool used in soldering. Breadboards:A breadboard, solderless breadboard, or protoboard is a construction base used to build semi-permanent prototypes of electronic circuits. Wires: Wires are pieces of metal that transport electricity. Multimeter Soldering Iron Breadboards Wires DESCRIPTION OF MICROCONTROLLER Small, integrated circuits designed to perform specific tasks in embedded systems. Miniature computers on a single chip, combining a processor, memory, and input/output (I/O) peripherals. Used in automatically controlled products and devices, such as automobile engine control systems, implantable medical devices, remote controls, office machines, appliances, power tools, toys, and other embedded systems.  APPLICATIONS OF MICROCONTROLLERS Consumer Electronics: Remote controls, toys, home appliances. Automotive Systems: Engine control units, anti-lock braking systems. automotive computers is regulating the car's engine to optimize performance and at the same time improve both fuel economy and pollution control. Industrial Automation: Robotics, process control. Industrial automation is a set of technologies that uses control systems and devices, such as computer software and robotics, to enable automatic operation of industrial processes and machinery without the need for human operators. Medical Devices: Pacemakers, diagnostic equipment.  DESCRIPTION OF SENSORS A sensor is a device that detects and responds to some type of input from the physical environment. The input can be light, heat, motion, moisture, pressure or any number of other environmental phenomena. The output is generally a signal that is converted to a human-readable display at the sensor location or transmitted electronically over a network for reading or further processing. Sensors play a pivotal role in the internet of things (IoT). They make it possible to create an ecosystem for collecting and processing data about a specific environment so it can be monitored, managed and controlled more easily and efficiently. IoT sensors are used in homes, out in the field, in automobiles, on airplanes, in industrial settings and in other environments. Sensors bridge the gap between the physical world and logical world, acting as the eyes and ears for a computing infrastructure that analyzes and acts upon the data collected from the sensors. APPLICATIONS OF SENSORS Consumer Electronics: Smartphones (touchscreens, accelerometers), wearables (fitness trackers). Automotive: Engine management (oxygen sensors), safety systems (airbag deployment sensors). Industrial Automation: Monitoring and controlling machinery, environmental conditions. Healthcare: Medical devices (heart rate monitors, glucose sensors). Environmental Monitoring: Weather stations, pollution tracking.  DESCRIPTION OF ACTUATORS Used to convert electrical signals into mechanical motion or physical action. Controls and manipulates physical processes in response to signals from sensors or control systems.  Cont’d Electric Motors: Convert electrical energy into rotational or linear mechanical motion. Examples: DC motors, stepper motors, servo motors.  Cont’d Solenoids: Convert electrical energy into linear motion. Examples: Door lock solenoids, pneumatic solenoid valves.  Cont’d Hydraulic Actuators: Use hydraulic fluid to create mechanical force or movement. Examples: Hydraulic cylinders, hydraulic motors.  APPLICATIONS OF ACTUATORS Robotics: Actuators are used in robot joints and grippers to achieve precise movements. Automotive: Actuators control engine valves, throttle position, and brake systems. Industrial Automation: Actuators operate machinery, conveyor belts, and robotic arms. Aerospace: Actuators control aircraft flaps, landing gear, and control surfaces. Consumer Electronics: Actuators in printers, disk drives, and autofocus mechanisms. IDENTIFICATION OF HARDWARE COMPONENTS Visual Inspection Shape and Size: Observe the physical shape and dimensions of the component. Color: Note any distinctive colors or markings that might indicate its type or function. Labelling: Look for printed labels, part numbers, or manufacturer logos on the component.  Cont’d Markings and Labels Part Numbers: Part numbers stamped or printed on components. Manufacturer Logos: Logos or brand names that can provide clues about the component's origin. Specifications: Check for voltage ratings, current ratings, capacitance values, resistance values, etc., which are typically labelled on the component.  Cont’d Datasheets Online Resources: Use the part number or markings to search for datasheets on the manufacturer's website or electronic component distributors like Digi-Key, Mouser, or Newark. Datasheet Contents: Datasheets provide detailed specifications, pin configurations, and application notes for the component. TIPS FOR EFFECTIVE COMPONENT IDENTIFICATION Use Magnification: Sometimes, small components or markings are difficult to read without magnification. Compare Specifications: Cross- check observed markings with datasheet specifications to confirm identification. Document Findings: Record part numbers, specifications, and any specific details for future reference.  IDENTIFICATION METHODS FOR SPECIFIC COMPONENTS Resistors: Use color code bands to determine resistance value. Measure resistance with a multimeter. Capacitors: Read the capacitance and voltage ratings printed on the capacitor. Measure capacitance with a multimeter or capacitance meter.  Cont’d Diodes: Identify polarity (anode and cathode) markings. Test for forward and reverse bias with a multimeter. Transistors: Identify the type (NPN, PNP for bipolar junction transistors) and pinout configuration. Test for base-emitter junction drop and collector-emitter continuity. Integrated Circuits (ICs): Identify part numbers and manufacturer logos on the IC. Refer to datasheets for pin configurations and specifications.  IDEAS OF HARDWARE PROJECTS LED Blinking with Arduino: Description: Blink an LED on and off at regular intervals using an Arduino board. Components: Arduino board, LED, resistor, breadboard, jumper wires. Skills: Basics of microcontroller programming, digital output control.  Cont’d Temperature and Humidity Monitoring System: Description: Measure and display temperature and humidity using sensors and display on an LCD or through serial communication. Components: Arduino (or other microcontroller), DHT11 or DHT22 sensor, LCD display, breadboard, jumper wires. Skills: Sensor interfacing, analog and digital signal processing.  Cont’d Smart Home Automation System: Description: Control home appliances (lights, fans, etc.) using a smartphone app or voice commands. Components: Microcontroller (e.g., ESP8266 or ESP32), relays, sensors (e.g., PIR motion sensor), Wi-Fi module, smartphone app. Skills: Wireless communication, sensor integration, IoT (Internet of Things) development.  STEPS TO START A HARDWARE PROJECT Choose a Project: Based on interest and feasibility. Research: Gather information and resources. Plan: Outline the project scope, components, and timeline. Design: Create schematics and write code. Build: Assemble components and test the system. Debug: Troubleshoot and refine the project. Document: Keep a detailed record of the process and results. USEFUL VIDEO LINKS https://youtu.be/mVKhympFzVQ?si=jG-MkAPAgiVXRQUk https://youtu.be/6FXoO_gIXbQ?si=9sOA1j71-VSbmgOw https://youtu.be/LwZ35wZJreU?si=oZvkYnINhpgBNMsv https://youtu.be/yWCPpLEppqg?si=T3LTi2ElpHNUGNeP Hands on You need to design a Smart Home Security System. This system should include various components such as cameras, motion sensors, door/window sensors, and a central control unit that can send alerts to a smartphone app. Your goal is to gather and document the functional and non-functional requirements for this hardware project. THANKS