Pest Risk Analysis Lecture Notes PDF

PEST RISK ANLYSIS Lecture # 03 AGR-601 Plant Quarantine & SPS Methods Muhammad Shoaib Saleem  Plant Protection Exclusion Control Eradication Plant Protection In Agriculture  Augment crop production  Improve quality of produce In Trade  Q...

PEST RISK ANLYSIS Lecture # 03 AGR-601 Plant Quarantine & SPS Methods Muhammad Shoaib Saleem  Plant Protection Exclusion Control Eradication Plant Protection In Agriculture  Augment crop production  Improve quality of produce In Trade  Quarantine (legislation) To alleviate poverty, hunger and malnutrition  Plant Quarantine Legislative measure to regulate the movement of planting materials, plant products, soil, living organisms, etc., to prevent  inadvertent introduction of exotic pests  establishment of the introduced pests  Pest  Pest “Any species, strain or biotype of plant or animal or any pathogenic agent, injurious to plants or plant products” It includes insects, mites, nematodes, fungi, bacteria, viruses, phytoplasma, ricketssia like organisms and weeds  Quarantine pest “A pest of potential economic importance to the area endangered thereby and present there but not widely distributed and being officially controlled” ……………….(International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures- 5)  Glaring Examples of International Spread of Pests  Late blight/potato C. America Europe  Powdery mildew/grape USA France  Downy mildew/grape USA France  Blight/chestnut USA Orient  Boll weevil/cotton Mexico USA  Rust/coffee - Sri Lanka  Pathways for Pests (Seed / Veg. Propagules / In vitro) Bulk consignments  for consumption  for planting or sowing Small samples  for research work Pest Risk  A chance factor known or perceived whereby hazardous organism not known to occur may  enter  colonize  establish Dimensions of Risks in Pathways  Bulk imports for sowing/ planting  Germplasm or wild relatives  Vegetative propagules Where is Risk Analysis? Socio-economic Political Conservative Liberal Epidemic Low PEST RISK High Famine Ministry Of Natioanl Food Secuirty & Research DPP Quarantine / Locust  ……..National legislation Destructive Insects and Pests Act, 1914 (Amended through notifications from time to time) Plants Quaranitne Act 1967 Plant Quarantine Rules 1976 SPS Agreement of WTO 1995 Pakistan Plant Quarantine Rules, 2019 International Guidelines for Promulgating Quarantine Regulations Frame work of  FAO (International Plant Protection Convention) Coordination by  Regional Plant Protection Organization In certain cases  Inter-governmental Agreements/ Conventions  National Regulations Recent Developments International and National The WTO Agreements  Agreement on Agriculture  Agreement on Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)  Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT)  Agreement on Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS) GATT Vs WTO GATT WTO  No institutional  Permanent foundation institution  Provisional  Permanent  Merchandise goods  Also include trade in services and ideas  More pleurilateral  Almost multilateral and selective  Faster dispute  Slow dispute settlement settlement Agreement on Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures Aims to protect  Plants from pests/ pathogens  Human beings and animals from toxins, additives in food, feed and beverages diseases/ pests (http//:www.wto.org)  The “Three Sisters” Standards-setting Organizations food safety animal health plant health CODEX OIE IPPC Codex = Joint FAO/ WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission OIE = World Organization for Animal Health IPPC = International Plant Protection Convention (FAO)  International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures  ISPM 1 Principles of plant quarantine as related to 1995 international trade  ISPM 2 Guidelines for pest risk analysis 1996  ISPM 3 Code of conduct for the import and 1996 release of exotic biological control agents  ISPM 4 Requirements for the establishment 1996 of pest free areas  ISPM 5 Glossary of phytosanitary terms 2001  ISPM 6 Guidelines for surveillance 1997  ISPM 7 Export certification system 1997  ISPM 8 Determination of pest status in an area 1998  ISPM 9 Guidelines for pest eradication programmes 1998  ISPM 10 Requirements for the establishment of pest 1999 free places of production and pest free production sites  ISPM 11 Pest risk analysis for quarantine pests including 2001 environmental risks and LMOs (Interim Commission on Phytosanitary Measures) ISPMs contd….  ISPM 12 Guidelines for phytosanitary certificates 2001  ISPM 13 Guidelines for the notification of non- 2001 compliance and emergency action  ISPM 14 The use of integrated measure in a systems 2002 approach for pest risk management  ISPM 15 Guidelines for regulating wood packaging 2002 material in international trade  ISPM 16 Regulated non-quarantine pests: Concept and 2002 Application  ISPM 17 Pest reporting 2002  ISPM 18 Guidelines for the use of irradiation as a 2003 phytosanitary measure  ISPM 19 Guidelines on list of regulated pests 2003  ISPM 20 Guidelines for phytosanitary import regulatory 2004 system  ISPM 21 Pest risk analysis for regulated non-quarantine 2004 pests  ISPM 22 Requirements for the establishment of areas of low 2005 Pest prevalence  ISPM 23 Guidelines for inspection 2005  ISPM 24 Guidelines for the determination and recognition of 2005 Equivalence of phytosanitary measures  WTO - SPS Regime Major Phytosanitary Implications Article 3- Review and Harmonization of Norms Legislation reviewed and revised Article 5- Development of Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) ISPMs 2, 11, 21 NSPM also developed Article 6- Identification of Pest Free Areas (PFA) ISPMs 4, 6, 9, 10 NSPM- developed for few selected pests like fruit flies PRA- A New Dimension of Plant Protection Pest  Pest “Any species, strain or biotype of plant or animal or any pathogenic agent, injurious to plants or plant products” Regulated pests  Quarantine pest “A pest of potential economic importance to the area endangered thereby and present there but not widely distributed and being officially controlled”  Regulated non-quarantine pests “A non-quarantine pest whose presence in plants for planting affects the intended use of those plants with an economically unacceptable impact and which is therefore regulated within the territory of the importing contracting party” (ISPM , FAO)  PEST RISK ANALYSIS Initiating the risk analysis Pest risk assessment Documentation Pest risk management Pest Risk Analysis Should be  Technically robust  Justifiable  Practically achievable Initiation of PRA  Commodity-based analysis*  Pest-based analysis *pathway initiated Stage I Initiation Pest Pest Including area specification Organism Pathway not a pest Policy review stop Organism INFORMATION GATHERING, DOCUMENTATION AND RISK COMMUNICATION Determination of Organism as Pest  Plants as pests- invasive species  Beneficial organisms  Organisms new to science or for which only minimal information is available  Intentional import of organisms of possible phytosanitary concern  Living modified organisms (LMOs) Stage II Risks not acceptable Pest Risk Assessment Pest Probability Economic Pest of Impact Risks acceptable Categorization Introduction Assessment stop INFORMATION GATHERING, DOCUMENTATION AND RISK COMMUNICATION Stage III MONITORING Options for phytosanitary measures Risks not APPLICATION acceptable PEST RISK MANAGEMENT REGULATORY DECISION (Beyond the PRA Process) INFORMATION GATHERING, DOCUMENTATION AND RISK COMMUNICATION Pest Risk Analysis Stage I- Initiation Routine Detailed PRA Stage 2- Pest Risk Assessment PRA Probability Economic Pest of Impact Categorization Introduction Assessment Stage 3- Pest Risk  ISPMs linked with PRA ISPM Title Coverage ISPM No. 2 Guidelines for Pest Risk Outlines on various stages of PRA Analysis ISPM No. 11 Pest risk analysis for Specific guidance on PRA of quarantine pests quarantine pests including including environmental risks and Stage 1- Initiation LMOs Stage 2- Pest risk assessment including environmental risks and LMO assessment Stage 3- pest risk management ISPM No. 21 Pest risk analysis for Specific guidance of PRA of regulated non- regulated non-quarantine quarantine pests including pests Stage 1- Initiation Stage 2- Pest risk assessment especially of plants for planting as the main source of infestation and economic impact on their intended use Stage 3- pest risk management ISPM No. 3 Guidelines for the export, Specific guidance on pest risk management for (2005) shipment, import and biological control agents and beneficial organisms release of exotic biological control agents and other beneficial organisms Import of Canola Seed from the Canada to Pakistan A CASE STUDY  Background  Market access request from Canada Govt/NPPO.  Pakistan expresses concern on pest/pathogens etc  PRA prepared by Canadian Scientists  PRA by Pakistan will identify pests/problems  Technical exchange to discuss alternate mitigating measures  Quarantine Pest  A pest of potential economic importance to the area endangered  Not yet present there  Present but not widely distributed, and  Being officially controlled Conditions Framed by the Canada  Pest already present in Pakistan and not under official control  Pest not likely to follow the introduction pathway  Pest not transmitted by seed in canola and not likely to follow the pathway  Pest has no potential economic importance in Pakistan Pest not likely to follow the introduction pathway  Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens  Bean pod mottle virus  Peanut stunt virus  Tobacco streak virus  Heterodera glycines  Pest not transmitted by seed in canola and not likely to follow pathway  Diaporthe phaseolorum  Nematospora coryli  Bean pod mottle virus  Peanut stripe virus  Peanut stunt virus  Tobacco streak virus  Heterodera glycines  Pest has no potential economic importance in Pakistan  Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens  Peronospora manshurica  Peanut stunt virus  Tomato ringspot virus  Summary (PRA made by USDA )  5 to 12pests found in Pakistan  One bacteria, three viruses, and one nematode will not follow pathway  Seven not transmitted by seeds and will not follow pathway  Four pests with low economic importance Inference  If present in India without official control, SPS protocols do not justify regulatory responses  Low rate of seed transmission or rare occurrence combined with negligible risk in small amounts of diverted seed create impossible conditions for introduction  PRA for Canola Import- Pakistan Viewpoint  Pests of concern likely to follow pathway  Likelihood of introduction  Consequence of introduction Hence  Canola meant for oil extraction will find way to agriculture land  Can import seeds only in split form  Import discouraged and refused  “PRA” “Appropriate Level of Protection”  Article 3.3 allows every country to set its own “ALP”  Article 2.3 and 5.5 requires that the level of protection be consistent in different but comparable situations  Article 3.2 requires national standards to be based on international ones adopted by IPPC  Article 5.1-5.6 requires that a country to evaluate specific threats…risk assessment Thus PRA is a National Commitment  Provision of PRA in Rules/ Act Xxxxxx Xxxxxx  Hence PRA now is a Legislative Obligation  What Country needs to do?  Establish a PRA Unit  Capacity Building  Infrastructure  Expertise  Networking DPP- ASEAN- NPPOs  Prioritizing the commodities for export  Pest database development  Administrative Process  To fulfill legislative and regulatory requirements  To follow standards  To have transparency Steps in Administrative Process of Import Pest Risk Analysis  Initiation of PRA process 1. Submission of PRA proposal to PPA 2. Review of proposal by NUPRA 3. Determination of type of import PRA (routine/ non-routine)  Scheduling and scoping 4. PRA work programme 5. Consultation with state/ union territories and central govt. agencies 6. Scope, approval and constituting PRA team membership 7. Initial consultation with regional stakeholders 8. Decision on scope approach and membership 9. Provision for stakeholder appeal 10. Determination of appeal  Risk assessment 11. Initial work 12. Consultation on technical issue paper Steps in Administrative Process of Import Pest Risk Analysis 13. Preparation of draft PRA report 14. Consultation with stakeholders on draft PRA report 15. Notification to WTO 16. Independent peer review  Final reporting 17. Preparation of final report by PRA team 18. Consideration of final report by PPA 19. Consultation with state and union territories 20. Release of final report and specification of phytosanitary measures 21. Provision for appeals of final PRA report 22. Appeal determination  Final policy determination 23. Notification of final specification of phytosanitary measures  Finally! We need  PRA preparation  PRA-oriented Research Enhanced Role of Plant Protection! Not only to increase quantity and quality of produce But also to facilitate and promote trade