Learning Theories PDF

Soc Constructivism learning is influenced by social interaction. Context- the surroundings upon which learners occur. Reinforcer - anything that strengthens the desired response. Law of effect- connection between stimulus is consequence is positive. Culture- characteristics of the individual or soci...

Soc Constructivism learning is influenced by social interaction. Context- the surroundings upon which learners occur. Reinforcer - anything that strengthens the desired response. Law of effect- connection between stimulus is consequence is positive. Culture- characteristics of the individual or society or subgroup within a society. Motor learning- a form of learning that is maintained through daily life activities. Verbal- it involves the use of spoken language as a communication device Learning principle- related to science math and grammar it show 2 concept Nature of learning - learning of complex subject most effective when intentional process Construction of knowledge- learner can relate new information in meaningful ways Ego- reality analytic principle part of our personality, partly conscious and unconscious. Id- pleasure principle, concerned with instant gratification Super ego- morality idealistic principle concerned with social rules and morals. OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING EFFECTS- ALBERT BANDURA Inhibition- To learn not to do something that we already know how to do. Disinhibition- learn how to exhibit the behavior usually disapproved by people Facilitation- to do something that is not ordinarily done cause of insufficient motivation Observational learning- to learn a new behavior by watching and imitation Element of Obser Learning- attention, reproduction and motivation retention, motor Psychological Development- recognizing the of importance of early experienced in childhood Trust vs mistrust birth to 1 year old Autonomy vs shame and doubt - 2 to 3 years old Initiative vs Guilt - 3-5 years Old Industry vs inferiority 6-11 years old Identity vs role confusion-12-18 years old Intimacy vs isolation- 19-40 years old Generativity vs stagnation 40 to 60 years old Ego integrity vs despair 65 to up Scaffolding - the mentor provides different forms of support for the learners. Coaching- mentor gives suggestions, hints and feedback as the listener performs a task. Modeling- mentor perform a task at the same time thinking a loud about the process while the learners listens Exploration-the mentor encourages the learners to frame question on his own to expanded his required skills Articulation- the learner explains what he is doing and why allowing the mentor to examine or analyze the learners knowledge reasoning and problem solving- strategies. Reflection- the mentor asks the learners to compare his performance to expert Stages of child's development are the following Sensorimotor - Birth to 2 Concrete operational -8 to 11 years Pre conventional - 2 to 7 Formal operational - 12 years old to up Strategic learning- the learner can create and use a repertoire of thinking and reasoning Pavlov- a Russian physiologist well known for his work in classical conditioning Edward thorndike- gave us the original S- R framework of behavioral psychology. The main principle of connectionism Frederick Skinner- He believed in the S- R pattern of conditioned behavior, wrote walden two. He studied operant behavior John watson- First American psychologist to work with Pavlov's idea. He considered the humans are born with a few reflexes and the emotional reaction of love and range Stimuli- Allowed in are not connected by just simple one to one switches to the outgoing responses Punishment- Consequence intended to result in a reduced response. Apprenticeship - guided participation where a novice works with an expert mentor for a certain period of time to learn how to perform tasks. Main goal of education- The process of education is to ensure that as students go up the educational ladder, developmental changes in their personality are affected. This has to do with improved and enhanced physical, emotional, social and cognitive skills, and knowledge and other personality behaviors.  Learner centered strategies - Santrock (2011) 1. Problem based Learning This strategy emphasizes real-life problem solving. It exposes learners to authentic life problems that they meet in their daily lives. 2. Essential Questions Essential questions are followed by other questions, which motivate the students to explore the questions and look for answers. 3. Discovery Learning - This approach is in contrast to direct-instruction approach. The guided discovery learning evolved from discovery learning, where students still construct their own understanding but with the guidance of the teacher. Albert bandura- he emphasizes learning through observing others. Also called observational learning Socio cultural dimensions of learning Context- surrounding condition of the environment where learning takes place. Community practices group of people who share the same interest and goals Culture- characteristics of the individual in society include values and beliefs. Authenticity -closeness and resemblance to real life situation Scaffolding help and support provided by expert people Social constructivism- emphasis on the social context of learning and the idea that knowledge can be built. Learning: is a relatively permanent change in behavior, knowledge, and thinking skills that comes about through experiences. It involves mental representations. Classical Conditioning is a learning process that involves associating stimuli and responses. I Intrinsic motivation is driven by internal factors such as personal interests, enjoyment, and a sense of accomplishment. Extrinsic motivation is driven by external factors such as rewards, punishments, or social pressure. Behavior: "Burns (1995) defined learning as a relatively permanent change in behavior with behavior including both observable activity and internal processes such as thinking, attitudes, and emotions." Motivation: "What and how much is learned is influenced by the learner's level of motivation. Motivation to learn is in turn influenced by the learner's emotional states, beliefs, interests, goals and habits of thinking." Operant Conditioning: is a type of learning where behaviors are learned through reinforcement and punishment. It involves associating a behavior with a consequence, making the behavior more or less likely to occur in the future." PROBLEM SOLVING PRINCIPLE