Last-6-Months-Current-Affairs-Revision-of-Geography-Env-_-UPSC-Prelims-2024-_-Sudarshan-Gurjar-compressed.pdf

Bhojpatra Tree: Recently, the Prime Minister of India, in the 103rd edition of Mann ki Baat programme highlighted the business of 'bhojpatra calligraphy' by the women of Mana village near Badrinath. Found at a height of 3,000m or above, bhojpatra (Himalayan Birch) is a tree whose bark acts as...

Bhojpatra Tree: Recently, the Prime Minister of India, in the 103rd edition of Mann ki Baat programme highlighted the business of 'bhojpatra calligraphy' by the women of Mana village near Badrinath. Found at a height of 3,000m or above, bhojpatra (Himalayan Birch) is a tree whose bark acts as paper on which text can be written. It is also known as Himalayan Birch and it is widely found in the Himalayas. It is a deciduous tree native to the Western Himalayas that grows at elevations of up to 4,500 metres It has a high freezing tolerance potential, allowing it to form a treeline in the Himalayan region. It is a long-lived species which can survive up to 400 years and the only angiosperm in the Himalaya which dominates an extensive area at sub - alpine altitudes. Distribution: It is widely distributed in the altitudinal range from 3100 - 3800 m in North-western Himalaya. It contributes to the preservation of the Himalayan ecosystem by reducing soil erosion and creating a bio-shield for the remaining forests and sub-alpine meadows below the treeline. The bark of this tree was used for centuries in our Country for writing lengthy scriptures. Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve:  Location: It is located at the junction of the Eastern and the Western Ghats in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, in Tamil Nadu. Its area is contiguous with the Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, Bandipur Tiger Reserve (Karnataka) and BR Tiger Reserve and Wildlife Sanctuary (Karnataka). Terrain: It is hilly and undulated with altitude ranging between 750m and 1649m. Vegetation: It consists of southern tropical dry thorn forests, mixed deciduous forests, semi-evergreen forests, and Riparian forests. Climate: It is subtropical and dry. Summers are hot and dry; the monsoons are wet and cooler, with river flooding. Rivers: prominent rivers in the region include the Bhavani, Moyar, and Noyyal rivers. Tribal Communities: It is home to several indigenous tribal communities, including the Irula and Kurumba tribes. Flora: Common Species of trees and shrubs found are Albizzia amara Chloroxylon swictenia, Gyrocarpus jacquini, Neem, Tamarind, Sandalwood, Randi dumetorum, Zizyphus and associates. Fauna: The major species are Elephant, Tiger, Panther, Sloth bear, Gaur, Black Buck, Spotted deer, Wild boar, Black napped hare, Common langur Nilgiri langur, Striped neck mongoose and Bonnet macaque. Western Tragopan: It is also known as the western horned tragopan, is amongst the rarest of all living pheasants. Due to its beautiful plumage and large size, this bird is locally known as ‘jujurana’ or ‘king of birds’. It is the state bird of Himachal Pradesh. Distribution: It is endemic to the northwest Himalaya, within a narrow range from Hazara in north Pakistan through Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh, to the western part of Garhwal. The upper part of Great Himalayan National Park’s (GHNP) forest zone holds the world’s largest known population of western tragopan. Diet: It feeds mostly on leaves, shoots and seeds, but also consumes insects and other invertebrates. Threats: Habitat loss, hunting pressure and anthropogenic disturbances which includes livestock grazing, minor forest produce collection like medicinal herbs etc. Conservation status , IUCN: Vulnerable  NITI AAYOG RELEASED “TOWARDS DECARBONISING TRANSPORT 2023: A STOCKTAKE ON SECTORAL AMBITION IN G20” REPORT Decarbonising transport sector refers to the process of reducing or eliminating carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation sector. Key Highlights :- India still has no overall emssions or energy targets for transport sector, despite the goal to achieve net-zero emissions by 2070. India’s transport-sector emissions could increase 65% by 2030 and 197% by 2050, relative to 2020 levels. Road followed by rail transport is the main contributor to sector emissions. Need to Decarbonise Transport sector :- Globally, India is third most CO2 emitting sector. High dependence on fossil fuels of the sector leads to exploitation of fossil fuels. To meet nationally determined contributions (NDCs) targets of India i.e., reduce emissions intensity of its GDP by 45% by 2030 etc  Initiatives taken to Decarbonise Transport sector :- (1) Bharat Stage VI Emission Standards. (2) Forum for Decarbonizing Transport in India by NITI Aayog. (3) FAME India (part of National Electric Mobility Mission Plan) etc. Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric Vehicle PLASTIC OVERSHOOT DAY 2023: THE EARTH'S PLASTIC CRISIS Context On July 28, 2023, the Earth experienced its first Plastic Overshoot Day, marking the point at which the amount of plastics exceeds the global waste management capacity. Global Plastic Pollution Trends Under current scenarios, global plastics pollution is projected to triple by 2040, despite pledges and increased waste management capacity. Key Contributors to Plastic Waste :- India is among the 12 countries, along with China, Brazil, Indonesia, Thailand, Russia, Mexico, the United States, Saudia Arabia, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Iran, and Kazakhstan, responsible for 52% of the world's mismanaged plastic waste. Plastic Consumption on Per-Person Basis:- Iceland tops the list of worst offenders in plastic consumption, with annual consumption of 128.9 kg per person. India's annual per-person plastic consumption is 5.3 kg, significantly lower than the global average of 20.9 kg. Plastic Overshoot Day is a wake-up call, shedding light on short-life plastics' environmental impact and their higher risk of leakage into the environment. Plastic pollution particularly impacts developing countries like India, which are categorized as 'waste sponges' due to their low plastic consumption but high plastic pollution levels.  Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve (NSTR). The National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) recently raised concern that cattle grazing in the forest and illegal fishing in the backwaters of Srisailam and Nagarjunasagar dams are posing a big threat to tigers in Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve (NSTR). About Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve (NSTR): Location: It is located in the Nallamala hill ranges(an offshoot of the Eastern Ghats) of Andhra Pradesh. This is the largest tiger reserve in the country, spreading over an area of 5937 Sq. Km. It is named after two major dams in the area, Nagarjuna Sagar Dam and Srisailam Dam. Two wildlife Sanctuaries, namely Rajiv Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary and Gundla Brahmeswaram Wildlife Sanctuary (GBM), constitute the Tiger Reserve. The river Krishna traverses through this Reserve Topography: It consists of plateaus, ridges, gorges, and deep valleys. Vegetation: Tropical dry deciduous forests with an undergrowth of bamboo and grass. The river Krishna has Muggers, otters, and Turtles. NOTE:- Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve is the largest tiger reserve in India, having the largest area under "Critical Tiger Habitat". The reserve spreads over five districts, Kurnool District, Prakasam District, Guntur District, Nalgonda District, and Mahbubnagar district. Critical Tiger habitat These are core areas of tiger reserves and are identified under the Wild Life Protection Act (WLPA), 1972 based on scientific evidence. Such areas are required to be kept as inviolate for the purpose of tiger conservation, without affecting the rights of the Scheduled Tribes or such other forest dwellers. The notification of CTH is done by the state government in consultation with the expert committee constituted for the purpose. Critical Wildlife Habitat Critical ‘wildlife’ habitats (CWLHs), on the other hand, are defined only in the Forest Rights Act, 2006. CWLHs are meant to be areas of national parks and wildlife sanctuaries that are required to be kept as inviolate for the purpose of wildlife conservation (not just tigers). Similar to CTH, the identification of CWLH is done based on scientific and objective criteria, but it mandatorily requires settlement of forest rights under FRA. Unlike CTHs, the notification of CWLHs can only be done with the consent of the Gram Sabhas and affected stakeholders. Q:) Among the following Tiger Reserves, which one has the largest area under “Critical Tiger Habitat”? (2020) (a)Corbett (b)Ranthambore (c)Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam (d)Sunderbans  Kuril Islands In Japan, conservative voices are hinting that Russian and Ukraine war could give Japan a chance to take control of disputed Kuril Islands. About Kuril Islands: These are a set of four islands situated between the Sea of Okhotsk and the Pacific Ocean near the north of Japan's northernmost prefecture, Hokkaido. Japan refers to them as Northern territories, Russia calls them the Kuril Islands and South Korea named them as Dokdo islands. These are part of the Pacific Ring of Fire belt and have over 100 volcanoes, of which 35 are said to be active volcanoes along with hot springs. Both Russia and Japan claim sovereignty over them though the islands have been under Russian control since the end of World War II. The Soviet Union had seized the islands at the end of World War II and by 1949 had expelled its Japanese residents. Tokyo claims that the disputed islands have been part of Japan since the early 19th century. UNESCO heritage danger list Context: Experts from UNESCO have recommended adding the Italian city of Venice to the list of world heritage sites in danger due to long-standing problems such as over-tourism and the effects of climate change. Kyiv and Lviv in Ukraine are also recommended to be put on the danger list this year. List of World Heritage in Danger: The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) compiles the list of World Heritage in Danger. The List contains world heritage sites that are threatened by various conditions such as natural disasters, armed conflicts, wars, pollution, unchecked urbanisation, poaching, and uninhibited tourist development. Q. Consider the following countries (2023) 1. Bulgaria 2. Czech Republic 3. Hungary 4. Latvia 5. Lithuania 6. Romania How many of the above countries share a land border with Ukraine? (a) only two (b) only three (c) only four (d) only five About Red Sanders Flora endemic to the tropical dry deciduous forest in Eastern Ghats region of Andhra Pradesh. Very slow-growing tree species that attains maturity after 25 – 40 years. Resistant to droughts. Locally known as Yerra Chandanam, Rakta Chandanam. Its therapeutic properties are responsible for its high demand across Asia, particularly China, for use in cosmetics, medicinal products, and high-end furniture/woodcraft. Conservation Status: It is under ‘endangered list’ in the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List. It is listed in Appendix-II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wildlife Fauna and Flora (CITES). Listed under Schedule IV of The Wildlife Protection Act. Q:-) With reference to 'red sanders ', sometimes seen in the news consider the following statements: (2016) 1. It is a tree species found in a part of south India 2. It is one of the most important trees in the tropical rain forest areas of south India. Which of the statements given above is/are incorrect? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both (d) None Saudi, Kuwait reject Iran claims to disputed gas field Places in News :- Arash-Dorra Gas and Saudi Arabia Field The offshore field, known as Arash in Iran and Dorra in Kuwait and Saudi Arabia, has long been a focal point of contention between the three countries. Devika: North India’s First River Rejuvenation Project About Devika River Originates: from the hilly Suddha Mahadev temple in Udhampur (Jammu & Kashmir) and flows down towards western Punjab (Pakistan), where it merges with the Ravi River. Udhampur is also referred to as Devika Nagari.  5% of birds in India are endemic, reveals Zoological Survey of India publication In the news: A recent publication by the Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) points out that about 5% of birds found in the country are endemic and are not reported in other parts of the world. Details of the report: The highest number of endemic species have been recorded in the Western Ghats, with 28 bird species. Some of the interesting species recorded in the country’s bio-geographic hotspot are the: (1)Malabar Grey Hornbill (2)Malabar Parakeet (3)Ashambu Laughing Thrush (4)White-bellied Sholakili 25 bird species are endemic to the Andaman and Nicobar Islands: Some interesting bird species which are only found in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands are: Nicobar Megapode Nicobar Serpent Eagle Andaman Crake Andaman Barn Owl Four species of birds are endemic to the Eastern Himalayas, and one each to the Southern Deccan plateau and central Indian forest.  (1)Malabar Grey Hornbill Zoological Survey of India (ZSI): The Zoological Survey of India (ZSI), a subordinate organization of the Ministry of Environment and Forests was established in 1916. It is a national centre for faunistic survey and exploration of the resources leading to the advancement of knowledge on the exceptionally rich faunal diversity of the country. It has its headquarters at Kolkata.  What is Bhu-Vision? About Bhu-Vision: It is also known as KRISHI-RASTAA Soil Testing System. It has been jointly developed by ICAR-IIRR(Indian Council of Agricultural Research -Indian Institute of Rice Research) and KrishiTantra. This system seamlessly conducts 12 key soil parameter tests in just 30 minutes. It provides quick and accurate results directly to farmers and stakeholders through a soil health card on their mobile devices. Indian Institute of Rice Research :- It was established as All India Coordinated Rice Improvement Project (AICRIP) by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) in 1965. Headquarter: Hyderabad.  Water neutrality in Indian industries The NITI Aayog, a government think-tank, has introduced a standard definition and approach for water neutrality in Indian industries. What is Water neutrality? Water neutrality is described as achieving a balance between total freshwater consumption, including both direct and indirect usage, and quantifiable water savings resulting from efficiency strategies. Explanation using an example: For instance, if a beverage company saves as much water through efficient production as it uses for making beverages and producing materials, it achieves water neutrality. If it saves more, it becomes water-positive; if it uses more, it’s not water-neutral. Steps to achieve water neutrality: Reduce water use by increasing water efficiency. Install water reuse systems such as rainwater harvesting or greywater recycling. Offset remaining water demand in the local region. Significance: NITI Aayog’s report estimates that following water neutrality standards could save 38.23 billion cubic meters of water over the next decade. National Water Mission’s Goal 4 (Increasing water use efficiency by 20%) includes the promotion of water-neutral and water-positive technologies. STUDY ON OCEAN COLOR CHANGES DUE TO CLIMATE CHANGE Context A study published in the journal Nature focused on the alteration of Earth's oceans' color over the past two decades. The possible connection between ocean color changes and human-induced climate change. Findings Over 56% of the Earth's oceans, exceeding the total land area on the planet, experienced shifts in color. The change in ocean color indicates that marine ecosystems are undergoing significant changes and may lead to potential imbalances in the future, affecting both ocean life and human dependence on marine resources. Reasons for Oceans Appearing Blue or Green:- Oceans appear blue or navy blue in most regions due to the absorption of longer wavelength colors like red, yellow, and green by water molecules, while shorter wavelength colors like blue and violet are reflected back. Certain parts of the oceans appear green due to the presence of phytoplankton on the upper surface of the water. Impact on Ocean Stratification The study suggests that ocean stratification, the natural separation of ocean water into horizontal layers by density, has increased due to climate change. Increased stratification hinders the mixing of water layers, affecting the ocean's ability to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and limiting proper oxygen mixing with cooler ocean waters below. Consequences for Marine Ecosystems :- Changes in plankton populations, particularly phytoplankton, can be observed in regions with higher concentrations of these organisms. This shift in plankton populations may impact marine food webs, as plankton are crucial for supporting marine life, including fish, crabs, and sea stars  India’s excess sugar production is guzzling groundwater Context: In 2021-2022, India surpassed Brazil to become the largest sugar producer in the world, producing 359 lakh tonnes – an all-time high. Reasons for excess sugar production in India: High consumption (India is the world’s largest sugar consumer) and demand. Government policies and measures: *Central Government’s Fair and remunerative price (FRP) for sugarcane *Mandatory payment of a minimum price to sugarcane farmers by the sugar mills. *Heavy subsidies and incentives by the state governments. *The resulting sugar surplus has led to higher exports, with a record 110 lakh tonnes exported in 2021-2022. How does excessive sugarcane cultivation impact groundwater? Sugarcane is a highly resource-intensive cash crop: it needs a large swath of land and guzzles groundwater. India’s top sugarcane-growing states are Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, Gujarat, and Tamil Nadu. The first three account for 85-90% of the sugar produced in the country. In a 2022 report, the Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) noted that a third of all its groundwater assessment units in Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, and Karnataka were ‘semi-critical’, ‘critical’ or ‘over-exploited’. Q.) Among the following, which one is the least water-efficient crop?(2021) (a)Sugarcane (b)Sunflower (c)Pearl Millet (d)Red gram  Kattupalli Port Expansion By Adani Group... Kattupalli Port – Tamil Nadu (18 mtpa):The multi-cargo port located near Ennore North Chennai has a dedicated yard for Direct Port Delivery clearance, Direct Port Entry for factory stuffed/self-sealed export-laden containers and flexible carting.  The Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Bill 2023 Context: Parliament passed the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Bill, 2023, (MMDR Amendment) in a bid to attract private sector investment in the exploration of critical and deep- seated minerals in the country. What are critical and deep-seated minerals? Critical Minerals: Critical minerals are natural resources that are essential for various industries, including technology, manufacturing, and clean energy. E.g., Lithium, nickel, cobalt etc. Deep-Seated Minerals: Deep-seated minerals refer to minerals that are found deep within the Earth’s crust and are typically more challenging and costly to explore and mine compared to minerals closer to the surface. E.g., Gold, Copper, Diamonds etc. India’s import dependency for critical and deep-seated minerals: 100% dependency: lithium, cobalt, nickel, niobium, beryllium, tantalum, Very high dependency: copper, zinc, lead, gold, silver, platinum group elements (PGEs), and diamonds. India’s current status: India is the world’s 4th largest producer of iron ore and the 2nd largest producer of coal as of 2021. India is the second-largest producer of Aluminium globally India’s mineral demand is projected to rise by 3% in 2023, fuelled by expanded electrification efforts and overall economic growth  Key provisions of Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Bill, 2023 Key Provisions MMDR Act 1957 MMDR Amendment Bill Allows the private sector to mine 6 atomic minerals- lithium, beryllium, niobium, titanium, tantalum and zirconium. Private Sector to Mine Atomic Limited to State agencies for Minerals exploration. The central government can auction mining leases and composite licences for critical minerals.  The state government No provision for an grants licences through Auction for Exploration exploration licence competitive bidding, while Licence the Central government auction. prescribes auction details. Bill allows activities under a Maximum Area in which Prospecting licence: Up single exploration licence in Activities are to 25 sq. km. an area of up to 1,000 square kilometres. Mines and Minerals Bill 2023 endeavours to stimulate private sector involvement through: The Bill excludes six atomic minerals that were previously reserved exclusively for government entities The Bill overturns the Act’s prohibition on certain exploration activities like pitting, trenching, drilling, and sub-surface excavation. The Bill introduces a new exploration license (EL) aimed at promoting reconnaissance-level and prospective-stage exploration by private players. The Bill specifies the maximum exploration area, allowing activities within 1,000 square kilometres under a single exploration license. The Bill empowers the central government to conduct auctions for composite licenses and mining leases specifically for critical and strategic minerals. Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Context: In the ongoing crisis in Niger, where a military coup ousted the president, ECOWAS has been active. Recently, soldiers in Niger overthrew President Mohamed Bazoum and placed Gen. Abdourahmane Tchiani as the new head of state. What is ECOWAS? The Economic Community of West African States or ECOWAS was established in 1975 through the Lagos Treaty, with a mandate of promoting economic integration among its members. ECOWAS has 15 members: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Cote d’ Ivoire, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Senegal and Togo. It includes two sub-regional blocs: *West African Economic and Monetary Union *West African Monetary Zone (WAMZ), Belem Declaration: Amazon countries fail to agree on protection goals Belem Declaration: The Belem Declaration released during the Amazon Summit recognises Indigenous knowledge as a condition for biodiversity conservation and calls for ensuring full and effective participation of Indigenous Peoples in decision-making and public policy formulation processes. Indigenous People are under constant threats and land rights will not only give them better protection, it will also prevent deforestation and protect the rich biodiversity within these territories. Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization (ACTO): Established: 25 February 1995 Headquarters:Brasília, Brazil The Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization (ACTO) is an international organization aimed at the promotion of sustainable development of the Amazon Basin. The Amazon Cooperation Treaty (ACT) was signed on 3 July 1978 and amended in 1998. Group members — Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, Suriname and Venezuela. Bhagwa’ Pomegranate APEDA facilitated the export of the first trial shipment of ‘Bhagwa’ pomegranate to the USA in collaboration with NPPO. Bhagwa’ (Saffron-colored )Pomegranate High anti-oxidant content and super fruit characteristics Solapur (Maharashtra) contributes almost 50% of pomegranate export from India. Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA): APEDA was established by the Government of India under the Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority Act of 1985. It works under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry. Objective: To develop and promote the export of scheduled products. The products specified under the APEDA ACT are called scheduled products, and exporters of such scheduled products are required to register under APEDA. It provides financial assistance, information, and guidelines for the development of scheduled products. Headquarters: New Delhi National Plant Protection Organization (NPPO):- Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine and Storage is the national NPPO of India. It undertakes all phytosanitary responsibilities for the export of agro- commodities.  Wildfires of Hawaii Why in news? In one of the worst natural disasters to hit the US, multiple wildfires are raging through Hawaii, especially the island of Maui. Hawaii Hawaii is a U.S. state located in the Pacific Ocean and is composed of a group of islands. The capital city of Hawaii is Honolulu, located on the island of Oahu. Islands Hawaii is made up of eight main islands: Hawaii (also known as the Big Island), Maui, Oahu, Kauai, Molokai, Lanai, Niihau, and Kahoolawe. These islands are part of an archipelago formed by volcanic activity. Volcanoes Hawaii is home to some of the world's most active volcanoes, including Kilauea and Mauna Loa. Climate Hawaii has a tropical climate, with warm temperatures throughout the year. Experts have recently warned pesticide sellers against the sale and storage of glyphosate as its exposure is known to cause cancer. About Glyphosate: Glyphosate is a widely used herbicide that can kill certain weeds and grasses. The product is used primarily in agriculture but also in forestry and lawn and garden care. Glyphosate is a small molecule made of a linear carbon chain with weaker bonds, which makes glyphosate less persistent in the environment. In India, it goes by various brand names, including Roundup, Glycel, and Brake. Note ;- It is effective only on plants that grow above the water. It will not be effective on plants that are submerged or have most of their foliage underwater, nor will it control regrowth from seed. Systemic Nature: Glyphosate is a systemic herbicide, which means it is absorbed by the plant's leaves and then translocated throughout the plant's vascular system. This allows it to reach various parts of the plant, including the roots, leading to effective control of both above-ground and below-ground plant parts. Glyphosate does not degrade quickly in plants. It is possible that glyphosate residues can occur in food products. Nawegaon-Nagzira Tiger Reserve CONTEXT :- A young male tiger recently died in a road hit near Murdoli village in the buffer zone of the Nawegaon-Nagzira Tiger Reserve in Maharashtra. Location: It is situated in Gondia and Shahdara District of Maharashtra. It comprises Nawegaon National Park, Nawegaon Wildlife Sanctuary, Nagzira Wildlife Sanctuary, New Nagzira Wildlife Sanctuary and Koka Wildlife Sanctuary. It is connected with many surrounding tiger reserves like Pench, Kanha, Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve, Indravati Tiger Reserve etc.  Mushkbudji Rice Recently, Mushkbudji Rice received the Geographical Indication (GI) tag. About Mushkbudji Rice: It is short bold aromatic rice grown in higher reaches of Kashmir valley. The cooked rice is unique and possesses a harmonious blend of taste, aroma and rich organoleptic properties.  Oldest surviving plant species saw dinosaurs come and go, humans threaten it Context :- Takakia, a genus of moss that has survived for millions of years, is now threatened by climate change. About Takakia: It is a rare genus of moss that adapted over millions of years to life at high altitudes. Appearance: When seen from a distance, it looks like a later of moss or green algae on the rocks where it grows. But closer inspection would reveal slender turf around one centimetre in length with an arrangement of short, finger-like leaves. It is a genus that only has two species (T. lepidozioides and T. ceratophylla ) and both of them are found together only in the Tibetan Plateau. It has developed the ability to survive frost, life-threatening UV radiation and other hazardous conditions. It combines features found in mosses, liverworts and green algae. It is a moss that separated from other mosses 390 million years ago, not long after the first land plants evolved. SPONGE CITIES Context China's "sponge city" initiative and its efforts to address the challenges posed by urban flooding and water management. Sponge City :- The "sponge city" is an urban planning model designed to use "nature-based solutions" to distribute water better and improve drainage and storage. Those solutions included the use of permeable asphalt, the construction of new canals and ponds and also the restoration of wetlands, which would not only ease waterlogging but also improve the urban environment. Importance of sponge cities in mitigating floods: (1) Rainwater Absorption and Retention (2)Natural Water Storage (3)Green Infrastructure (4)Improved Drainage Systems (5)Improved water table (6)Climate Resilience Sponge cities have seen limited success due to the following challenges: (1) High Initial Costs (2)High Maintenance Demands (3)Logistically challenging and require careful coordination, integrating with Existing Infrastructure. (4)resistance from traditional urban planning practices and stakeholders accustomed to conventional systems.  Scientists detect ‘microplastics’ in human heart for first time: Report CONTEXT;- Scientists from Beijing Anzhen Hospital in China made the discovery while analysing the heart tissue of 15 patients who underwent cardiovascular surgery. About Findings: 1. For the first time, they have detected microplastics in human hearts. 2. Researchers found these incredibly small particles, occasionally as tiny as a grain of sand, within the heart tissues of individuals from various locations. 3. It also makes us think about how plastic might affect our health. This discovery has serious implications for both pollution and human well- being. About Microplastics Microplastics are tiny bits of various types of plastic found in the environment. They are a result of the fragmentation and degradation of larger plastic items, as well as the direct release of tiny plastic particles, often intentionally added to consumer products like cosmetics and cleaning agents. Microplastics are those particles with less than 5 millimeters (0.2 inches). Types of Microplastics? There are two categories of microplastics: primary and secondary. Primary microplastics: (1)Tiny particles designed for commercial use, such as cosmetics, as well as microfibers shed from clothing and other textiles, such as fishing nets. (2)They enter the environment directly through any of various channels— for example, product use, unintentional loss from spills during manufacturing or transport, or abrasion during washing. Secondary microplastics: (1)They are particles that result from the breakdown of larger plastic items, such as water bottles. (2)This typically happens when larger plastics undergo weathering, through exposure to, for example, wave action, wind abrasion, and ultraviolet radiation from sunlight. Recently, the National Green Tribunal, Eastern Zone, has directed the Odisha government not to go ahead with ‘illegal’ construction in and around Tampara Lake. About Tampara Lake: It is one of the largest fresh water lakes in the State of Odisha. The beautiful lake & the nearby Chilika Lagoon highlight the ecological diversity Odisha is blessed with. It supports at least 60 species of birds, 46 species of fishes, at least 48 species of phytoplanktons, and more than seven species of terrestrial plants and macrophytes. It is an important habitat for vulnerable species such as Cyprinus carpio, common pochard (Aythya ferina), and river tern (Sterna aurantia). It is already placed in the Wetland Atlas prepared by Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change in 2010.  CAUVERY WATER SHARING ISSUE Context: Tamil Nadu has approached the Supreme Court with a plea to direct Karnataka to release 24,000 cusecs of water from its reservoirs and ensure its availability at Biligundlu, the inter-State border point, for the remaining days of August. Prelims pointer Mekedatu Project About The Mekedatu project is a multipurpose project involving the construction of a balancing reservoir near Kanakapura in Ramanagara district, Karnataka. Mekedatu, meaning goat’s leap, is a deep gorge situated at the confluence of the rivers Cauvery and its tributary Arkavathi. Its primary objectives are to provide drinking water to Bengaluru and neighboring areas, totaling 4.75 TMC, and generate 400 MW of power. Others Dams & Project on Cauvery River Krishnarajasagar in Karnataka Mettur dam and Cauvery delta system in Tamil Nadu. India accounts for 35% of cargo handled by Murmansk this year About Murmansk Port :- It is a major seaport located in northwestern Russia, specifically in the city of Murmansk(largest city north of the Arctic Circle in Russia). Located on the Kola Peninsula on the shores of Barents Sea. The port serve as crucial gateway to the Artic region. An important node along the Northern Sea Route, a shipping route that connects Eurpoe and Asia via Arctic Ocean  Tylototriton zaimeng Recently, a team of scientists recorded a new species of salamander — the Tylototriton zaimeng in the Zaimeng Lake of Manipur.  Salamanders are a group of amphibians typically characterized by their lizard-like appearance, with slender bodies, blunt snouts, short limbs projecting at right angles to the body, and the presence of a tail in both larvae and adults About Zaimeng Lake :- It is situated on top of Khongtheng mountain ranges.  275 bird species counted during survey at Corbett Tiger Reserve Important one are :- White-rumped vulture and red-headed vulture, considered critically endangered. Two endangered species — Pallas’s fish-eagle, Egyptian vulture About Corbett Tiger Reserve: It is located in the Nainital district of Uttarakhand which encompasses the Patli Dun valley. The Ramganga, Sonanadi, Palain and Mandal, and Kosi rivers form the prominent hydrological resource. The core area of the reserve contains the Corbett National Park and the Sonanadi Wildlife Sanctuary is part of its buffer area. Flora: The trees consist of evergreen Sal and its combined trees, the Sheesham, and the Kanju found extensively on the ridges. Fauna: Tiger, Leopard, Elephant, Hog deer, spotted deer, Samber etc. Kanniyakumari’s Matti is distinct with fragrance and honey-like taste About Matti banana: There are six known types of the Matti banana and they are indigenous to Kanniyakumari, where it thrives in the unique climate and soil. They are known as ‘Baby Banana’. Even if it takes root and yields in other areas, the fruit will be without the sweet fragrance and honey-like taste. The Matti’s fingers exhibit a distinct wind-blown appearance. Its low total soluble solids content (TSSC) recommends it as a baby food. Types of Matti Banana Nal Matti boasts a yellowish-orange colour and fine aroma, while Theyn [honey] Matti’s pulp tastes like honey. Kal Matti gets its name from the calcium oxalate crystals forming in its pulp and black dots on the skin. Nei Matti exudes the aroma of ghee, and Sundari Matti, a Matti clone, with its elongated fingers, thick peel, and creamy white rind, is facing extinction. About Maitri Setu: It has been built over the Feni River, which flows between the Indian boundary in Tripura and Bangladesh. Length: It spans 1.9 kilometres joining Sabroom (in Tripura) with Ramgarh in Bangladesh. The name ‘Maitri Setu’ symbolises growing bilateral relations and friendly ties between India and Bangladesh. About Feni River: It forms part of the India-Bangladesh border. Origin: It originates in the South Tripura district, passes through Sabroom town on the Indian side, and meets the Bay of Bengal after it flows into Bangladesh. The importance of the Sulina Channel to Ukraine grain trade CONTEXT :-The Sulina Channel holds immense importance for Ukraine’s grain trade as an alternative passage after Russia’s withdrawal from the Black Sea grain deal. This deal was used to provide safe passage for cargo ships carrying grain from Ukrainian Black Sea ports. The Sulina Channel, a distributary of the Danube, plays a crucial role in this new trade route, connecting major Ukrainian ports to the Black Sea within Romania’s borders. Danube River :- Danube River is the second longest in Europe after the Volga. Originates in the Black Forest region of Germany, near the town of Donaueschingen. The river then flows eastward, passing through several countries before emptying into the Black Sea. Countries it Passes Through ⚬ The Danube River passes through or forms the border of ten countries, making it one of the most international rivers in the world. ⚬ The countries it flows through include: ￭ Germany; Austria; Slovakia; Hungary; Croatia; Serbia; Bulgaria; Romania; Moldova; Ukraine. Sulina Channel :- Sulina Channel is situated in the eastern part of Romania, near the town of Sulina. It connects the Danube River to the Black Sea, providing a direct passage for ships traveling to and from the river and the sea. Sulina is situated at the mouth of the Danube. This channel is a distributary of the Danube River. The Sulina Channel is the primary navigational route for ships entering or leaving the Danube River from the Black Sea.  Illegal mining is happening in a sensitive area of the Kuldiha Wildlife Sanctuary, and someone has complained about it. CONTEXT :- The complaint of mining activities taking place in the eco- sensitive zone of Kuldiha Wildlife Sanctuary, Balasore district, Odisha needs to be considered, said the National Green Tribunal (NGT) About Kuldiha Wildlife Sanctuary Kuldiha Wildlife Sanctuary is situated in the northeastern part of Odisha, bordering the Simlipal National Park. This sanctuary is a part of the Eastern Highlands moist deciduous forests ecoregion, boasting a diverse range of flora and fauna. Kuldiha's lush environs are dominated by mixed deciduous forests where the majestic Sal tree reigns supreme. Kuldiha is its association with the Mayurbhanj Elephant Reserve. Kuldiha River within the sanctuary provide a lifeline for both wildlife and vegetation. Duduma waterfall is one of the prime attractions, drawing tourists and photographers. NGT? The National Green Tribunal (NGT) is a specialized body that was formed under the NGT Act, 2010 for effective and expeditious disposal of cases that are related to the protection and conservation of the environment, forests, and other natural resources. India has become the third country in the world after Australia and New Zealand, for setting up a specialized environmental tribunal and also the first developing country to do so. The National Green Tribunal has a total of five places of sittings namely: Bhopal, Pune, New Delhi, Kolkata, and Chennai, amongst which, New Delhi is the Principal place of sitting. Structure of NGT The Chairperson The Judicial Members, and The Expert Members. Also, there should be a minimum of 10 and a maximum of 20 fulltime Jurisdiction of NGT :- The NGT has the power to hear all civil cases relating to environmental issues and questions that are linked to the implementation of laws listed in Schedule I of the NGT Act. These include the following: The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974; The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977; The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980; The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981; The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986; The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991; The Biological Diversity Act, 2002. Importantly, the NGT has not been vested with powers to hear any matter relating to the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, the Indian Forest Act, 1927 and Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006. Gaganchukki Waterfall :- Gaganachukki waterfalls are formed by the River Kaveri in the Mandya district of Karnataka. It is shaped like a huge horsetail and has height of 90 mts. Hawaii wildfires leave at least 93 people dead: What is happening? Hawaii (Capital :- Honolulu) Maui Wildfires is considered is one of the worst natural disasters in Hawaii's history. Hawaii is a group of volcanic islands (an example of Shield volcanoes- made up of basalt, a type of lava that is very fluid). Location: Central Pacific Ocean and lies southwest of the continental United States. World Heritage Sites: Hawaii volcanoes national park and Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument Geographical Features It consists of emerged volcanic mountains. Highest point: Mauna Kea  SECI invites bids for 4 GW renewable energy power CONTEXT :- The Solar Energy Corporation of India (SECI), one of the four renewable energy implementing agencies in the country, has invited bids for developing more than 4 giga watt (GW) of renewable energy, including wind power About Solar Energy Corporation of India Limited (SECI) SECI is a Central Public Sector Undertaking (CPSU) under the administrative control of the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE). It was set up to facilitate the implementation of the National Solar Mission (NSM) and the achievement of targets set therein. It is the only CPSU dedicated to the renewable energy sector. Vision: To build ‘Green India’ through harnessing abundant solar radiation and to achieve energy security for the country. Mission: To become the leader in the development of large-scale solar installations, solar plants and solar parks and to promote and commercialize the use of solar energy to reach the remotest corner of India. To become a leader in exploring new technologies and their deployment to harness solar energy.  ‘Namoh 108’ A lotus variety named ‘Namoh 108’ was unveiled in CSIR - National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow under One Week One Lab (OWOL) initiative of the CSIR. Under OWOL, every lab would showcase its history and scientific achievements for a week. It was discovered several years ago in Manipur and is the only lotus variety in India to have had its genome sequenced. To promote its cultivation in other parts of the country Lotus Mission was also launched as part of horticulture mission.  Brazil found the last survivors of an Amazon tribe. Now what? CONTEXT :- Tamandua Piripkura has lived his life on the run. Not from authorities or enemies — although plenty of people would like to see him dead — but from modernity. About Piripkura Tribe: They are nomadic tribe from Mato Grasso region of Brazil. The tribe is known for its isolation and efforts to maintain its traditional way of life. These people have faced significant challenges due to encroachment on their land by illegal logging, mining, and other forms of land exploitation. Their territory has been under threat from deforestation and resource extraction.  Now, a bacteria that can eat methane. Can it reduce global warming? Researchers say it’s possible What is the News? A study has found that a specific bacteria named Methylotuvimicrobium buryatense 5GB1C could help reduce methane emissions from places like landfills and oil wells. What is Methylotuvimicrobium buryatense 5GB1C? Methylotuvimicrobium buryatense 5GB1C is a bacterial strain that consumes methane. It can grow at low methane concentrations ranging from 200-1,000 ppm. These features make this strain a promising candidate for methane removal technology. Significance: Methane is a significant contributor to global warming, It is over 85 times more potent than carbon dioxide (CO2) on a 20-year timescale. It is responsible for nearly 30 percent of the total global warming. Hence, this bacteria, if used on a large scale, could prevent 240 million tonnes of methane from entering the atmosphere by 2050. It can also help reduce the global temperature rise by about 0.21-0.22 degrees Celsius by 2050 by removing a substantial amount of methane  Prelims Pointer :- Addis Ababa Declaration CONTEXT :- Declaration was a key outcome of the 19th African Ministerial Conference on the Environment (AMCEN) 2023, held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The declaration prioritizes wide-ranging actions related to climate change, plastics pollution, marine protection, land degradation, and natural capital. Signed by 54 African Nations Decision deferred as concerns raised over Jambughoda Sanctuary Context :- Recently, the Gujarat State Board for Wildlife (GSBWL) deferred a decision on a proposal of the Gujarat State Minerals Development Corporation (GSDMA) seeking more land for “removing manganese dump” from the eco-sensitive zone (ESZ) of Jambughoda Wildlife Sanctuary in Panchmahal district. About Jambughoda Wildlife Sanctuary: It is located in Gujarat’s south-central part. Vegetation: It contains Grasslands, water-borne plants, medicinal herbs, dry southern tropical rain forests, dry deciduous mixed and secondary forests, and dry scrubs of the deciduous type. What are Eco-Sensitive Zones? Land within 10 km of the boundaries of national parks and wildlife sanctuaries is to be notified as eco-fragile zones or Eco-Sensitive Zones (ESZ). While the 10-km rule is implemented as a general principle, the extent of its application can vary. The Union government can also notify areas beyond 10 km as ESZs if they hold larger ecologically important “sensitive corridors”. Why are Eco-Sensitive Zones created? They are created as “shock absorbers” for the protected areas to minimise the negative impact on the “fragile ecosystems” by certain nearby human activities. these areas are meant to act as transition zone from areas requiring higher protection to those requiring lesser protection. The Indian Prime minister was recently conferred with the Grand Cross of the Order of Honour by the Greek President in Athens. Key Facts about Greece: Location: It is located in southeastern Europe, on the southern tip of the Balkan Peninsula. Bordering Countries: Country is bordered by Albania, Bulgaria, Turkey, and North Macedonia. Greece shares maritime borders with Cyprus, Egypt, Italy, and Libya. Geography: The mainland has rugged mountains, forests, and lakes. It is well known for the thousands of islands dotting the blue Aegean Sea to the east, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and the Ionian Sea to the west. The largest Greek island is Crete. Capital: Athens  Extra Points :- Political System: It is a parliamentary republic with a head of government - the prime minister - who has the most political power, and the head of state - the president - whose duties are largely ceremonial. The executive power is exercised by the government. Olympics: The Olympic Games have their origins in ancient Greece, where the first Olympic Games were held in Olympia in 776 BC. Greece also hosted the first modern Olympic Games in Athens in 1896. Recently:- At least 78 people have died and many more are feared missing after a fishing boat carrying refugees and migrants capsized and sank off the southern coast of Greece – one of the worst such disasters this year. The vessel sank in international waters, 47 nautical miles (87km) southwest of Pylos, off the Peloponnese coast.  The Fujiwhara effect: When cyclones ‘dance’ Context :- Earlier this year, California witnessed an unusually wet winter, with at least twelve atmospheric river storms battering the state. Atmospheric rivers are vast airborne currents carrying dense moisture and hanging low in the atmosphere. About The Fujiwhara effect: The “Fujiwhara effect,” where two cyclones (or hurricanes) spinning in the same direction interact in a dance-like manner around a common centre. If one cyclone is stronger, it can absorb the weaker one. When of similar strength, they might merge or rotate around each other. In some rare instances, the two cyclones could merge into a mega-cyclone with significant destructive potential. Associated damages:- The influx of additional heat, moisture, and positive vorticity during the Fujiwhara effect intensify the primary circulation of a system. The occurrence of the Fujiwhara effect also makes cyclonic systems harder to predict, as every interaction between two storm systems is unique and difficult to assess within the present climate models. How is this related to today’s climate? Experts have noted the rising frequency of this unusual effect, attributing it to a rapidly warming world and the subsequent heating of ocean waters. A warming climate is giving rise to stronger cyclones, and thus, increasing the possibility of the Fujiwhara effect. NGT withholds green nod granted for fishing harbours near Kaliveli bird sanctuary About Kaliveli Bird Sanctuary: This wetland is the second-largest brackish water lake in South India after Pulicat Lake. The Kaliveli Lake is connected to the Bay of Bengal by the Uppukalli Creek and the Edayanthittu sanctuary and is visited for nesting by migratory birds on the Central Asian flyway. The lake has a feeding ground for long-distance migrants from the cold subarctic regions of Central Asia and Siberia, including Black-tailed Godwits, Eurasian Curlew, White Stork, Ruff and Dublin. Kazhuveli notified as 16th bird sanctuary in Tamil Nadu. Kazhuveli or Kaliveli wetland system is one of the largest waterfowl congregation sites in Tamil Nadu.  WILDLIFE INSTITUTE OF INDIA (WII) AND ZOOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA (ZSI) RELEASES ‘STATE OF INDIA’S BIRDS, 2023’ REPORT  Report is a periodic assessment of the distribution range, trends in abundance and conservation status of India’s key bird species. Key highlights: Bird species richness has reduced because of commercial monoculture plantations, urbanisation, infrastructural development, climate change, etc. 2.Long-distance migrants have declined the most, by over 50%. 3.Shorebirds that breed in the Arctic have been particularly affected (declining by close to 80% ). Several bird species such as the Indian Peafowl, Rock Pigeon, Asian Koel and House Crow are showing an increasing trend. Decline, overall: Of the 338 species that had enough data to assess for long-term trends, 60% of the species showed long-term declines. Of the 359 species analysed for current annual trends, 40% are declining. Birds endemic to the Western Ghats and Sri Lanka biodiversity hotspot have rapidly declined in India over the past few decades. Wildlife Institute of India Wildlife Institute of India (WII) is an internationally acclaimed Institution, which offers training program, academic courses and advisory in wildlife research and management. WII carries out wildlife research in areas of study like Biodiversity, Endangered Species, Wildlife Policy, Wildlife Management, Wildlife Forensics, Spatial Modeling, Eco development, Habitat Ecology and Climate Change. It was established in 1982. It is an autonomous institution under the Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate change, Government of India. The institute is based in Dehradun. Global Biodiversity Framework Fund (GBFF) Ratified  GBFF aims to finance the implementation of Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF). About GBFF Governance: Decisions of GBFF Council are to be taken by consensus, along the lines of the GEF Instrument. Financial management: World Bank will be invited to serve as the Trustee of the GBFF. GBFF will be established similar to the Capacity-Building Initiative for Transparency (CBIT) Trust Fund, Least Developed Countries (LDCs) Fund, Special Climate Change Fund, and Nagoya Protocol Implementation Fund (NPIF). Features of GBFF Mobilize and disburse capital from public, private, and philanthropic sources with a focus on sustainability of biodiversity and ecosystems. 20 percent of the funds would support Indigenous-led initiatives to protect and conserve biodiversity.  Prioritize support for Small Island Developing States and LDCs. What is the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework? Adopted at COP15 (2022), it includes 4 goals and 23 targets for achievement by 2030. It aims to restore ecosystems, conserve areas, prevent species extinction, reduce pollution risks, tackle climate change, and more. Signatories committed to channelling USD 200 billion per year for conservation. Companies to report biodiversity impacts. Focus on reducing harmful subsidies and enhancing monitoring Onion production in India: India is the second-largest onion-growing country in the world. The Indian onions are famous for their pungency and are available round the year. The Major Onion producing states are Maharashtra, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Haryana and Telangana. Maharashtra is the leading producer with share of around 43%, Madhya Pradesh 16%, Karnataka & Gujarat contributing around 9% of national production. Major Export Destinations (2021-22): Bangladesh, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, United Arab EMTs, Nepal and Indonesia. Govt imposes 20% export duty on parboiled rice; MEP on basmati coming About Parboiled Rice: Parboiled rice, also called converted rice, is partially precooked in its inedible husk before being processed for eating. It happens before rice is milled, that is, before the inedible outer husk is removed to yield brown rice but before brown rice is refined to make white rice. In some Asian and African countries, people have been parboiling rice since ancient times as it makes the husks easier to remove by hand. Main steps of parboiling are:- Soaking Steaming Drying Husking  Parboiling changes the colour of rice to a light yellow or amber, which differs from the pale, white colour of regular rice. Benefits: 1.improves its texture, increases its shelf life, and provides health benefits. 2.higher in fibre and protein than white rice. 3.reduces the stickiness of rice, so it yields fluffy and separate kernels once cooked. 4.inactivates the enzymes that break down the fat in rice. This helps prevent rancidity and off-flavors, increasing shelf-life 5.has more thiamine and niacin than white rice. These nutrients are important for energy production. Potential downsides: 1.It’s less nutritious than brown rice. 2.It takes a little longer to cook.  Kumbhalgarh Wildlife Sanctuary CONTEXT:- The Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) recently cleared the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA)’s in-principle approval to declare Kumbhalgarh Wildlife Sanctuary as a tiger reserve. About Kumbhalgarh Wildlife Sanctuary: Location: It is situated in the Rajsamand district of Rajasthan. Once the hunting grounds of royals, this area was declared a wildlife sanctuary in 1971. The wildlife sanctuary encompasses the historic Kumbhalgarh Fortand is also named after the fort. It acts as a dividing line between Mewar and Marwar, two different parts of Rajasthan. Rivers: 1.River Banas also graces the sanctuary and is the primary source of water. 2.The rainwater on the western slopes flows as small rivers such as Sukdi, Mithdi, Sumer and Kot, all of which are the tributaries of River Luni that ultimately merge into the Arabian Sea. Flora: mainly a variety of herbal flora like Dhok, Salar and Khair. Many trees and plants and medicinal plants with herbal properties are also included in it. Fauna: It provides a suitable habitat for endangered and rare wild animals, including four-horned antelope, sambar, wild boar, nilgai, sloth bear, leopard and caracal.  Global South CONTEXT:- Recently, External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar said that the disruptions caused by the corona virus pandemic and recent geopolitical conflicts call for a realignment of the world order. He said that the “Global South” can no longer be at the mercy of a few suppliers.  The term ‘Global South’ began by loosely referring to those countries that were left out of the industrialisation era. It includes countries that are in Asia, Africa and South America. ‘Global South’ is just the opposite of ‘Global North’, defined essentially by an economic division between the rich and poorer countries. The “Global North” is richer nations that are located mostly in North America and Europe, with some additions in Oceania and elsewhere. What Is Magic Rice? What Is Special About This Rice That It Got GI Tag About Chokuwa rice: It is also known as Magic rice cultivated in Assam. This unique and healthy rice is cultivated around the Brahmaputra River area.(In several parts of Assam like Tinsukia, Dhemaji, Dibrugarh, etc.) It is basically semi-glutinous winter rice, known as Sali rice. The sticky and glutinous variety is categorised as Bora and Chokuwa based on their amylose concentration. The low amylase Chokuwa rice variants are used to make soft rice, which is known as Komal Chaul or soft rice. This whole grain can be consumed after soaking the rice in cold or lukewarm water. This unique rice variety is consumed with curd, sugar, jaggery, and bananas to name a few. This rice is also used in making several Assamese delights like Pithe and other local dishes. Catering to an elephant’s diet to prevent conflicts with humans in Assam CONTEXT:-The initiative to plant 25,000 saplings of native trees is expected to secure an elephant habitat and mitigate human-elephant conflicts in the Udalguri district bordering Bhutan  Several native species of trees are being planted in Assam to secure a major elephant habitat and mitigate conflicts between humans and tuskers. Species include Amla (Phyllanthus emblica), Bel (Aegle marmelos), Gamhari (Gmelina arborea), Jamun (Syzygium cumini), Bhumura (Terminalia bellirica), Arjun (Terminalia arjuna) etc. Most of these plants are important for the elephants’ diet. Restoring degraded areas with tree species preferred by the elephants would help secure its habitat and facilitate elephant movement. MINISTRY OF JAL SHAKTI RELEASES THE 6TH CENSUS REPORT ON MINOR IRRIGATION (MI) SCHEMES Census has been conducted under the centrally sponsored scheme “Irrigation Census” of Ministry of Jal Shakti. MI schemes are defined as those structures either in groundwater or in surfacewater category having Culturable Command Area (area which can be irrigated from a scheme and is fit for cultivation) up to 2,000 hectares. MI schemes can be categorized broadly into following types: Dugwell, Shallow tubewell, Medium Tubewell, Deep tubewell,Surface flow schemes, and Surface lift schemes. Advantage of MI projects: Short gestation period, require smaller investment and benefit reach the farmer. Key Highlights:- 23.14 million MI schemes have been reported, out of which 94.8% are Ground Water schemes. UP possesses largest number of MI schemes followed by Maharashtra, MP and Tamil Nadu. Increase of about 1.42 million in MI schemes during 6th census as compared to 5th Census. 96.6% of MI schemes continue to remain under private ownership. Reroute railway track running through Assam gibbon sanctuary, suggest scientists Hollongapar Gibbon Sanctuary: The Hoollongapar Gibbon Sanctuary was renamed on 25 May 2004, formerly known as the Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary or Hollongapar Reserve Forest. It is an isolated protected area of evergreen forest located in the Jorhat district of Assam. Vegetation: The upper canopy of the forest is dominated by the Hollong tree, while the Nahar dominates the middle canopy. The lower canopy consists of evergreen shrubs and herbs. Key facts about Hoolock Gibbon :- It is the only ape found in India. It is native to eastern Bangladesh, Northeast India, Myanmar, and Southwest China. Gibbons, the smallest and fastest of all apes, live in tropical and subtropical forests in the southeastern part of Asia. The Hoolock gibbon, unique to India’s northeast, is one of 20 species of gibbons on Earth. It is categorised into Western Hoolock Gibbon and Eastern Hoolock Gibbon. Western Hoolock Gibbon It has a much wider range, as it is found in all the states of the northeast, restricted between the south of the Brahmaputra River and east of the Dibang River. It is listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List. Eastern Hoolock gibbon It inhabits specific pockets of Arunachal Pradesh and Assam in India, and southern China and northeast Myanmar. It is listed as Vulnerable in the IUCN Red list.  Curious and cryptic: New leaf insects discovered CONTEXT :- An international research team recently described seven previously unknown species of leaf insects, also known as walking leaves. About Walking Leaves: Walking Leaves, also called leaf insects, are insects that look very similar to leaves. They are any of more than 50 species of flat, usually green insects (order Phasmida or Phasmatodea) that are known for their striking leaflike appearance. They feed on plants and typically inhabit densely vegetated areas. Distribution: Their natural range extends from islands in the Indian Ocean, across parts of mainland South Asia and Southeast Asia, to Papua New Guinea and Australia in the western Pacific. Males tend to be smaller than females. Reproduction: These insects reproduce sexually, with females laying eggs. The arms and legs of walking leaves can regenerate. About Supermoon: A supermoon occurs when the Moon’s orbit is closest to the Earth at the same time that the Moon is full. As the Moon orbits the Earth, there is a point of time when the distance between the two is the least (called the perigee when the average distance is about 360,000 km from the Earth) and a point of time when the distance is the most (called the apogee when the distance is about 405,000 km from the Earth). Now, when a full Moon appears at the point when the distance between the Earth and the Moon is the least, not only does it appear to be brighter but it is also larger than a regular full moon. According to NASA, a full moon at perigee (super moon) is about 14% bigger and 30% brighter than a full moon at apogee (called a “micro moon”). What is a blue moon? Blue moon describes the situation when a full moon is seen twice in a single month. It is important to note that the term Blue Moon has nothing to do with the actual colour of the moon. Moons can appear in various shades depending on atmospheric conditions, but a Blue Moon is not necessarily blue in colour. How rare is a blue supermoon? According to NASA, the blue supermoons are a very rare phenomenon. It mentions that these moons often only appear once every ten years due to astronomical conditions. But occasionally, the interval between blue supermoons can be as long as twenty years. The following super blue moons will take place in pairs in 2037, in January  Maritime Security in Pacific region: US - new pact with Palau CONTEXT :- The United States has signed a new agreement with Palau, which gives American ships the authorisation to unilaterally enforce maritime regulations in the tiny Pacific Island nation’s exclusive economic zone  Palau (officially the Republic of Palau with capital Ngerulmud) is an island country in the Micronesia sub-region of Oceania in the western Pacific. The republic consists of approximately 340 islands and has a total area of 466 sq kms, making it one of the smallest countries in the world. The 140+ members of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) have gathered at Bonn, Germany for the body’s 10th plenary. On agenda is the scientific assessment report on “Invasive Alien Species and their Control”, which is set to be released to the public on September 4, 2023. The delegates at the plenary would approve the text of the report that has taken four years to be developed by 86 leading experts from 49 countries. Invasive alien species are a key driver of biodiversity loss and they are part of the targets set under the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) adopted by 193 members of the Convention on Biological Diversity in December 2022. The GBF has 23 targets that have to be met by 2030. About IPBES: It is an independent intergovernmental body established in 2012. It provides policymakers with objective scientific assessments about the state of knowledge regarding the planet’s biodiversity, ecosystems and the benefits they provide to people, as well as the tools and methods to protect and sustainably use these vital natural assets. This independent body was inspired by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. It is not a United Nations body. However, at the request of the IPBES Plenary and with the authorisation of the UNEP Governing Council in 2013, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) provides secretariat services to IPBES. India is a member country of this organisation  Funga: UN wants us all to say it along with ‘Flora & Fauna’ CONTEXT:- United Nations Biodiversity has urged people globally to use the word ‘funga’ whenever they say ‘flora and fauna’, in order to highlight the importance of fungi. About Fungi: Fungi, along with Animalia (animals), Plantae (plants), Protista, Archaea/Archaebacteria, and Bacteria or Eubacteria, form the six ‘kingdoms’ of biology. They are eukaryotic organisms; i.e., their cells contain membrane-bound organelles and clearly defined nuclei. Reproduction: Fungi usually reproduce both sexually and asexually. Distribution Fungi are either terrestrial or aquatic, the latter living in freshwater or marine environments. They are found in all temperate and tropical regions of the world where there is sufficient moisture to enable them to grow. A few species of fungi live in the Arctic and Antarctic regions, although they are rare and are more often found living in symbiosis with algae in the form of lichens. Importance of fungi They help in breaking down dead organic material. They continue the cycle of nutrients through ecosystems. Fungi, as food, play a role in human nutrition in the form of mushrooms. They also act as agents of fermentation in the production of bread, cheeses, alcoholic beverages, and numerous other food preparations. Secondary metabolites of fungi are used as medicines, such as antibiotics and anticoagulants. Chhattisgarh HC dismisses plea seeking tiger reserve status for Bhoramdeo Wildlife About Bhoramdeo Wildlife Sanctuary: Location: It is situated in the Kawardha district of Chhattisgarh. It shares a border with Kanha National Park in Madhya Pradesh, making it an important tiger habitat in central India. Rivers: This wildlife sanctuary is the origin of the Fen and Sankari rivers. Landscape: The sanctuary is characterised by its lush green forests, rolling hills, and the Maikal Range of the Satpura Hills. Vegetation: It offers a mix of dense forests and open grasslands. Flora: The main species of plants include sal, saja, tinsa, kara and haldu. Fauna: It is home to a variety of wildlife species, including tigers, leopards, wild dogs, sloth bears, sambar deer, barking deer, chital (spotted deer), gaur (Indian bison), and various species of birds and reptiles. What is Leaf Blight? It is a plant disease that affects the foliage (leaves) of various plants, causing discoloration, wilting, and, in severe cases, the death of the leaves. It is typically caused by various types of fungi or bacteria that infect and damage the plant tissues. Leaf blight can affect a wide range of plants, including trees, shrubs, ornamental plants, and crops. Chitala’s river ranching to help balance aquatic ecosystem, raise farmers’ income: Minister About Chitala Fish: It is an obligate, typically nocturnal, predator feeding on smaller fishes. Distribution Although often reported to range throughout most of southern Asia, this species is probably restricted to the Indian subcontinent in Pakistan, India (records from the states of Manipur, Uttaranchal, West Bengal, Assam, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, and Bihar), Nepal, and Bangladesh. Habitat It is mostly known from major river channels and freshwater lakes but has also been observed in swamps. It is found in the Indus, Ganges-Brahmaputra and Mahanadi river basins in India. Conservation status :- IUCN: Near Threatened Vijayawada gets IGBC’s ‘Green Railway Station’ certification with platinum rating About Indian Green Building Council: The Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) is part of the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) and was formed in the year 2001. It is India's Premier certification body. Council offers a wide array of services, which include developing new green building rating programmes, certification services and green building training programmes. The council also organises the Green Building Congress, its annual flagship event on green buildings. The rating is based on six environmental categories, which include:- (a)sustainable station facility, (b)health, (c)hygiene and sanitation, (d)energy efficiency, (e)water efficiency, (f)smart and green initiatives and innovation and development. Headquarter: Hyderabad.  Ecocide Why in news? Recently, the Tribunal for the Rights of Nature said Mexico’s Maya train project has caused “crimes of ecocide”.  Ecocide is defined as “extensive loss, damage or destruction of ecosystems such that the peaceful enjoyment by the inhabitants has been or will be severely diminished.” “Inhabitants” here applies to all living creatures, not limiting crime to an anthropogenic legal view. Destruction- It destroys environment which include (A)Port expansion projects that destroy fragile marine life and local livelihoods (B)Deforestation (C)Illegal sand mining (D)Polluting rivers with untreated sewage etc., Researchers discover ‘white’ sambar in Cauvery wildlife sanctuary About Sambar deer: The Sambar (Rusa unicolour) is a large deer native to the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. Most active at dusk and at night. They are found in a broad range of forest habitats like dry deciduous forests, rainforests and mixed forests. Play an important role in the ecosystem they live in by dispersing seeds throughout their native range. Distribution: Their range is distributed from the foothills of the Himalayan Mountains across southern Asia and reaching the islands of Taiwan, Sumatra and Borneo. Conservation status IUCN: Vulnerable The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972: Schedule-III Key facts about Cauvery wildlife sanctuary: It is located in Karnataka. The sanctuary provides a vital link between Bannerghatta National Park in the north and BRT Tiger Reserve and Male Mahadev Hills Wildlife Sanctuary in the south. The area is drained by three rivers, namely, Cauvery, Arkavathi and Shimsha. Flora: primarily of dry deciduous and scrub types, but a wide range of forest types, including moist deciduous, semi-evergreen, evergreen, shola, riverine, Hardwicke forest, etc. Fauna: Important animals found in the sanctuary are tigers, elephants, leopards, bison, wild dogs etc.  Sanchi becomes India's first solar city Sanchi town lies in the Raisen District of Madhya Pradesh. It is known for its Buddhist Monuments (Stupa) which is also a UNESCO world heritage site. Significance sits near the Tropic of Cancer makes it ideal for harnessing solar power. Help in reducing emissions of more than 14,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide annually.  Sahara space rock Context: In May 2020, scientists discovered unusual rocks containing distinctive greenish crystals in the Sahara Desert, which were identified as remnants from the early Solar System. These rocks are pieces of the meteorite known as Erg Chech 002, making it the oldest volcanic rock ever found, dating back approximately 4.56556 billion years. About Erg Chech 002: These are the rocks containing distinctive greenish crystals that turned out to be from outer space, left over from the dawn of the Solar System. They were all pieces of a meteorite known as Erg Chech 002, which is the oldest volcanic rock ever found. It is known as an “ungrouped achondrite,” which means their parent bodies and family relationships are unknown. Erg Chech 002 contains a high abundance of lead-206 and lead-207, as well as relatively large amounts of undecayed uranium-238 and uranium- 235. Key facts about Erg Chech It is a sandy region of the Sahara in western Algeria and northern Mali. It consists largely of shifting dunes  Koraput Kalajeera Rice Gets GI Tag About Koraput Kalajeera Rice: The farmers of Koraput district in Odisha have domesticated Kalajeera rice over generations. It is known as the ‘Prince of Rice’ is an aromatic variety of rice. Upholding the nutritional and cooking quality, the rice looks like coriander seeds. It is popular among rice consumers for its black colour, good aroma, taste and texture. The ancient text explains that Kalajeera rice improves memory and controls diabetes. It is believed to increase hemoglobin levels and the body metabolism. This fragrant grain has antispasmodic, stomachic, carminative, antibacterial, astringent and sedative properties. Artificial Intelligence Helps In Waste Management At Meghalaya's Picturesque Umaim Lake About Umiam Lake Location: Umiam Lake, also known as Barapani Lake, is a lake in the state of Meghalaya. It is encircled by lush green East Khasi hills. It is one of the biggest artificial lakes in Meghalaya. The lake was formed after a dam was constructed & the dam was a part of northeast India’s first hydel power project called the Umiam Umtru Hydroelectric Power Project. Source of Water: The confluence of the two streams, Umkhrah and Umshvrpi, form the Wah Ro-ro stream in the northwest of the town and joins River Umiam, the main source of water for the lake. ATLANTIFICATION IS MAKING THE ARCTIC OCEAN SALTIER AND WARMER Context: New research by an international team of scientists explains what’s behind a stalled trend in Arctic Ocean sea ice loss since 2007.  Details: The findings indicate that stronger declines in sea ice will occur when an atmospheric feature known as the Arctic dipole reverses itself in its recurring cycle. The analysis helps explain how North Atlantic water influences Arctic Ocean climate, a process scientists call “Atlantification. Atlantification of Arctic ocean: Atlantification is the increasing influence of Atlantic water in the Arctic. Warmer and saltier Atlantic water is extending its reach northward into the Arctic Ocean. This change in the Arctic climate is most prominent in the Barents Sea, a shallow shelf sea north of Scandinavia, where sea-ice is disappearing faster than in any other Arctic region, impacting the local and global ecosystem. NOTE:- Researchers believe that Atlantification is driven by a process called Arctic Dipole which is associated with anticyclonic winds over North America and cyclonic winds over Eurasia which alternates in an approximately 15-year cycle. Positive phase of Arctic Dipole contributed to slowing Arctic sea-ice loss by restricting Atlantic water into the Arctic via the Fram Strait and negative phase accelerate sea-ice decline. Fram strait: The Fram Strait is the passage between Greenland and Svalbard. The Greenland and Norwegian Seas lie south of Fram Strait, while the Nansen Basin of the Arctic Ocean lies to the north. Fram Strait is noted for being the only deep connection between the Arctic Ocean and the World Oceans.  New Delhi Declaration & Climate Commitments Why in News? The G20 Leaders’ Summit, held in New Delhi on September 9 and 10, adopted the New Delhi Leaders’ Declaration, where climate change took a prominent position on the global geopolitical agenda. External Affairs Minister Jaishankar, in a statement, highlighted key outcomes of the Summit. These include – Green Development Pact Action Plan on Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Reforms of multilateral development banks Global Biofuel Alliance (GBA) as one of the landmark initiatives launched during the Summit in New Delhi. Global Biofuel Alliance It is an India-led Initiative to develop an alliance of Governments, International organizations and Industry to facilitate the adoption of biofuels. A total of 19 countries and 12 international organizations have so far agreed to join the alliance, including both G20 members and non- member countries. India, Brazil and the US are the founding members of the alliance. Alliance aimed at facilitating cooperation and intensifying the use of sustainable biofuels, including in the transportation sector. India, the US and Brazil account for a total of 85 percent of the global ethanol production with the US holding 55 per cent share followed by Brazil 27 per cent and India 3 per cent. What is Biofuel Biofuels are renewable energy sources derived from biomass, such as crop stubble, plant waste, and municipal solid waste. Biofuels may be solid, liquid or gaseous in nature. Solid: Wood, dried plant material, and manure Liquid: Bioethanol and Biodiesel Gaseous: Biogas India-Russia mull speedy operations on new sea route Eastern Maritime Corridor (EMC): EMC is a proposed sea route between the Indian port of Chennai and the Russian port of Vladivostok. The corridor is estimated to bring down transportation time between Indian and Russian ports in the Far East Region by up to 40 percent (24 days from the current 40 days). The present trade route between Mumbai, India, and St. Petersburg, Russia, covers a distance of 8,675 nautical miles. For India, it will provide a shorter and more efficient route to access the markets of the Far East, such as China and Japan. Key Facts About Vladivostok: Vladivostok is a major city in Russia, located in the Far East of the country. It is located on the Golden Horn Bay, north of North Korea, and a short distance from Russia’s border with China. It is the largest port on Russia’s Pacific coast, and home to the Pacific Fleet of the Russian Navy. It is the eastern railhead of the legendary Trans Siberian Railway, which connects the Far East of Russia to the capital Moscow, and further west to the countries of Europe. What caused Morocco’s earthquake? A geologist studying the Atlas mountains explains CONTEXT :- The epicentre of the recent devastating earthquake in Morocco was in the High Atlas Mountains, about 71 kilometres southwest of Marrakesh. About the High Atlas Mountains: The High Atlas Mountains are a prominent mountain range in North Africa, primarily located in Morocco. Location: The High Atlas Mountains are part of the Atlas Mountain Range, which stretches across Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia. The range includes several peaks with Mount Toubkal being the highest at approximately 4,167 metres. The region is inhabited by Berber communities. Key Facts about Morocco: Located in the northwest corner of Africa and is bordered by the North Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. Land Borders: It shares land borders with Algeria to the east and southeast and Western Sahara to the south. The High Atlas Mountains separate the mild coastline from the harsh Sahara. A significant part of Morocco is covered by the Sahara Desert.. Capital: Rabat, which is located on the Atlantic coast. Largest City: Casablanca is the largest city in Morocco and serves as its economic and business hub.  Kilauea volcano CONTEXT :- Kilauea volcano recently resumed eruption following a two-month pause. About Kilauea volcano: Kilauea is an active shield volcano in the Hawaiian Islands which has been erupting almost continuously for 200 years. It is located in a closed area of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. The lavas of Kilauea, one of five volcanoes that form the island of Hawaii, are building the loftiest mountain on Earth. Nyoma airfield CONTEXT :- Minister of Defence has laid foundation stone for Nyoma airfield in Eastern Ladakh. Nyoma village is located close to south Bank of Pangong Tso at 13,700 feet. Nyoma is around 46 kilometres from Line of Actual Control.  SALEM SAGO Context: Salem sago, a starch extracted from the pith of a variety of palm trees, has been granted the Geographical indication (GI) tag by the Indian government.  Salem Sago, locally known as Javvarisi, is a type of tapioca pearl produced in the Salem district of Tamil Nadu, India. It is widely recognized as Sabudana, a popular ingredient in Indian cuisine. Salem Sago is derived from the wet starch powder obtained by crushing and extracting starch from tapioca roots. Salem Sago has been granted a Geographical Indication (GI) tag is a significant recognition of its unique qualities and the special connection it has with the Salem district in Tamil Nadu. Currently, over 80% of sago in India is produced in the Salem region (Tamil Nadu), with a significant portion marketed through Sagoserve.  Botanical Survey of India gets patent for bamboo based reusable straw CONTEXT:- The Botanical Survey of India has obtained a patent for a bamboo- based reusable straw, developed from the bamboo species Schizostachyum andamanicum found in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. About Schizostachyum andamanicum: It was discovered on the Andaman island about three decades ago. This is only found in some forested areas of Andamans. It grows primarily in the wet tropical biome. This species of bamboo is characterized by a thin large hollow erect culm (stem) with long internodes and has potential for developing into a straw. It has small, white flowers that are arranged in clusters. The seeds are small and black, and the seedlings have thin, light green leaves. Botanical Survey of India :- It is the apex taxonomic research organization of India. It works under the Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change, Government of India. It was established on 13th February 1890 under the direction of Sir George King. The mandate of the organization has been broadened to biosystematics research, floristic studies, documentation, databasing of National Botanical collection, digitization of herbarium specimens etc. Headquarter: Kolkata Rubber crisis: farmers stage stir in Delhi, seek fair price Natural Rubber: Commercial Plantation Crop: Rubber is made from the latex of a tree called Hevea Brasiliensis. Rubber is largely perceived as a strategic industrial raw material and accorded special status globally for defence, national security and industrial development. Conditions for Growth: It is an equatorial crop, but under special conditions, it is also grown in tropical and sub-tropical areas. Temperature: Above 25°C with moist and humid climate. Rainfall: More than 200 cm. Soil Type: Rich well drained alluvial soil. Cheap and adequate supply of skilled labour is needed for this plantation crop  The British established the first rubber plantation in India in 1902 on the banks of the river Periyar in Kerala. India is currently the sixth largest producer of NR in the world with one of the highest productivity (694,000 tonnes in 2017-18). Top Rubber Producing States: Kerala > Tamil Nadu > Karnataka. 100% Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in plantations of rubber, coffee, tea, cardamom, palm oil tree and olive oil tree. Major Producers Globally: Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam, China and India. Major Consumers: China, India, USA, Japan, Thailand, Indonesia and Malaysia Rubber Board: It was constituted under the Rubber Act, 1947 and Rubber Rules 1955. Rubber Board is a statutory body under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry for the overall development of the rubber industry in the country. Head Office of the Board is located at Kottayam in the State of Kerala. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the code given below the Lists: (2008) List-I (Board) List-II (Headquarters) A. Coffee Board 1. Bengaluru B. Rubber Board 2. Guntur C. Tea Board 3. Kottayam D. Tobacco Board 4. Kolkata Code: A B C D (a) 2431 (b) 1342 (c) 2341 (d) 1432 UNDP and NABARD sign MoU to co-create data-driven innovations in agriculture About DiCRA: Data in Climate Resilient Agriculture (DiCRA) is a collaborative digital public good which provides open access to key geospatial datasets pertinent to climate resilient agriculture. It is curated by UNDP and partner organisations to inform public investments in agriculture and already provides intelligence on climate resilience for 50 million hectares of farmland across India. It is guided by the digital public good principles of open access, open software, open code, and open APIs. Forest Department directs ESZ monitoring committee to take action against illegal cottages in Bandipur Tiger Reserve About Bandipur Tiger Reserve (BTR): Location: It is situated in Karnataka and located at the tri-junction area of the States of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Geographically, it is an “ecological confluence” of the Western and Eastern Ghats. It is part of the larger Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, which is recognised as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. BTR is surrounded by: Nagarahole Tiger Reserve(Tamil Nadu) in the North West (Kabini Reservoir separates the two). Mudumalai Tiger Reserve(Tamil Nadu) in the South. Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary(Kerala) in the South West. Rivers: It is surrounded by River Kabini in its north and River Moyar in its south.  Climate: Bandipur has a typical tropical climate with distinct wet and dry seasons. Rise in global thunderstorm activity might increase the quantity of wispy cirrus clouds—accelerating global warming CONTEXT:- A new study has found a significant statistical correlation between thunderstorms occurring around the world and the formation of wispy cirrus clouds—which might increase global warming. The researchers say, "We know that cirrus clouds can contribute to global warming. About Cirrus Clouds: They are delicate, feathery clouds that are made mostly of ice crystals. They are thin and wispy in appearance, often appearing as delicate, high-altitude filaments or strands. Their wispy shape comes from wind currents, which twist and spread the ice crystals into strands. They are commonly known as "mare's tails" because they are shaped like the tail of a horse. Typically found at heights greater than 20,000 feet (6,000 metres), cirrus clouds are composed of ice crystals that originate from the freezing of supercooled water droplets. They generally occur in fair weather and point in the direction of air movement at their elevation. Madhya Pradesh: Gandhi Sagar wildlife sanctuary to be new home for South African cheetahs About Gandhi Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary Location: It is situated in Madhya Pradesh. It is spread with adjoining Rajasthan state. It lies in the Khathiar-Gir dry deciduous forests ecoregion. River Chambal flows through the sanctuary, dividing it into two parts. Topography: The sanctuary is characterized by its diverse topography, which includes hills, plateaus, and the catchment area of the Gandhi Sagar Dam on the Chambal River. The sanctuary has many places of historical, archeological and religious importance, such as Chaurasigarh, Chaturbhujnath temple, Bhadkaji rock paintings, Narsinghjhar Hinglajgarh fort, Taxakeshwar temple etc.  Flora: The principal tree species found here are Khair, Salai, Kardhai, Dhawda, Tendu and Palash. Fauna: Herbivores like Chinkara, Nilgai and Spotted Deer, and carnivores like the Indian Leopard, Striped Hyena and Jackal are found in good numbers in the region. It also has a good population of crocodiles, fish, otters and turtles. World Bamboo Day 2023: Date, history, significance and celebration  World Bamboo Day : It was officially established by the World Bamboo organization at the 8th World Bamboo Congress held in Bangkok in 2009. World Bamboo Organization : It was set up at the 1992 International Bamboo Congress in Japan. It is an international coordinating body for bamboo practitioners dedicated to promoting the use of bamboo and bamboo products for the sake of the environment and economy. Properties of Bamboo Versatile Uses: Bamboo can be used in 1,500 different ways including as food, a substitute for wood, building and construction material, for handicrafts and paper. Due to its versatile nature and multiple uses, it is also called ‘poor man’s timber’.  Environmental Benefits: It can be planted to reclaim severely degraded sites and wastelands. It is a good soil binder owing to its peculiar clump formation and fibrous root system and plays an important role in soil and water conservation. It is the fastest growing canopy, releasing 35% more oxygen than trees and can sequester 12 tonnes of carbon dioxide from per hectare. Global Market: According to the International Network for Bamboo and Rattan (INBAR), China exports 68% of the world’s bamboo and rattan (a type of Palm Fibre) products valued at 1,112 million USD. Indian Scenario: According to the National Bamboo Mission, India has the highest area (13.96 million hectares) under bamboo. It is the second richest country after China in terms of bamboo diversity with 136 species. Bamboo shoot production and consumption in India are confined mostly to the north-eastern States. NOTE :- Removal of Bamboo from ‘Tree’ Category: The Indian Forest Act 1927 was amended in 2017 to remove bamboo for the category of trees. As a result, anyone can undertake cultivation and business in bamboo and its products without the need of a felling and transit permission  Hunga-Tonga eruption triggered fast volcanic flows About Hunga-Tonga volcano: Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai is a volcanic island in Tonga. The volcano is part of the highly active Tonga–Kermadec Islands volcanic arc, a subduction zone extending from New Zealand north-northeast to Fiji. The island arc is formed at the convergent boundary where the Pacific Plate subducts under the Indo-Australian Plate. It is along with the caldera rim of a much larger submarine edifice in the western South Pacific Ocean This is 'world's largest flower' but only for a while because… About Rafflesia Rafflesia is a genus of parasitic flowering plants native to Southeast Asia. These plants are renowned for producing the largest individual flowers in the world, both in terms of size and weight. They are often referred to as "corpse flowers" due to their foul odour. Distribution: They inhabit specialised localities in the tropical rainforests of Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Peninsular Malaysia, southern Thailand and the Philippines. There are 42 known species of Rafflesia, and the most famous species within this genus is Rafflesia arnoldii. Features: Parasitic Lifestyle: They are parasitic, meaning they do not have leaves, stems, or roots like traditional plants. Instead, they depend on a host vine called Tetrastigma for nutrients and support. Rafflesia's only visible part is the flower. Limited Blooming Period: They have a short blooming period, often lasting only a few days to a week.  Mali, Niger, Burkina sign mutual defence pact The military leaders of Mali, Burkina Faso and Niger on Saturday signed a mutual defence pact, ministerial delegations from the three Sahel countries announced in Mali's capital Bamako. About Liptako-Gourma Charter: The Liptako-Gourma Charter establishes the Alliance of Sahel States (AES). Its aim is to "establish an architecture of collective defence and mutual assistance for the benefit of population. This alliance will be a combination of military and economic efforts between the three countries. The charter binds the signatories to assist one another including militarily — in the event of an attack on any one of them. It also binds the three countries to work to prevent or settle armed rebellions. Liptako-Gourma region It is the region where the Mali, Burkina Faso and Niger borders meet. It has been ravaged by jihadist insurgency in recent years. Key points about Alliance of Sahel States The junta leaders of Mali, Burkina Faso and Niger signed a charter to establish a defence alliance known as the Alliance of Sahel States. Under this alliance any attack on one or more signatory states will be considered an attack on all signatories. The alliance between three West African states, all ruled by military juntas and former French colonies. These three countries were also the members of France-supported G5 Sahel alliance joint force with Chad and Mauritania being the other two allies. Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change celebrates 29th World Ozone Day Montreal Protocol: Fixing the Ozone Layer and Reducing Climate Change About World Ozone Day: World Ozone Day, or International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone layer, is observed annually on September 16. It is celebrated every year to spread awareness among people about the depletion of the Ozone Layer and the measures taken/ to be taken to preserve it. The theme for World Ozone Day 2023 is “Montreal Protocol: fixing the ozone layer and reducing climate change”. Montreal Protocol? It is an international treaty that aimed to phase out the production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances, primarily chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halons, carbon tetrachloride, and other chemicals. These substances were commonly used in refrigeration, air conditioning, and aerosol propellants. Kigali Agreement: It is an amendment to the Montreal Protocol. It was adopted on October 15, 2016, in Kigali, Rwanda, as an extension of the Montreal Protocol. While the original Montreal Protocol focused on phasing out ozone- depleting substances, the Kigali Amendment addresses the phase-down of Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), which are used a