Last 3 Lecture Slides on Personality Disorders PDF

Personality ○ Goal: gain an understanding of the majority of the big clusters Disorders The Essence of Clinical Domain ○ Personality disorders Excessive (too much) presence of traits. Deficit- we never talk about a not enough...

Personality ○ Goal: gain an understanding of the majority of the big clusters Disorders The Essence of Clinical Domain ○ Personality disorders Excessive (too much) presence of traits. Deficit- we never talk about a not enough The extremes are when it becomes disorder territory e.g., excessive anxiety which is also consistent Too much- neurotic (can lead to people not wanting to leave their homes) Too much Borderline Personality Disorder ○ Inconsistent and unstable behaviours and emotions When your not fitting the definition of trait psychology Their consitancy in your unpredicablity- we don’t know how they are going to act ○ Impacts all aspects of life (sleep, relationships, career, etc.) The world likes some degree of predicablity Medicalization ○ Interpret behaviour in medical terms ○ Treat medically Calming the trait down using medical procedures A medical model Types of restraints ○ Historical and contemporary Incline to "calm" people Eliuse Ice picks- frontal lobotomy's(severing how a person thinks/feels)- 1927 peak time If it was medically indorsed then it was thought to be okay Electroshock therapy (ECT) Not as effective for BPD Effective for extreme depression Effects: difficulty with memory  Medical Models ○ The Stigma of Mental Illness Stigma; vulnerable group. Mental illness: insane (e.g., arsonists) idiocy/degeneration (developmental problems) Insane- any behaviour that was outside "normal" Medical Models ○ The Stigma of Mental Illness Viewed as less than human More likely to be victims of abuse Ppl are quick to dismiss (deemed not creditable) Diagnosing Personality Disorders ○ Difficult Hard to assess PAI ○ Self-report questionnaires and inventories. Easy to hide the underlying conditions- so ppl don’t think they need the assessment Diagnosing Personality Disorders ○ Behavioural Functional Analysis Are abnormal behaviours consistent? Any particular triggers? Stress- if you have constancy in the situation then a person will feed on the stress Interrater reliability. Test-Taking Attitudes (MMPI) ○ Textbook vs prof- Empirically driven Picked items ○ Identify psychological distortions. L validity scale = lie scale (social desirability) I am always on time I always tell the truth The extreme cases  If you say yes- you probablity resent yourself in a social desirablity manner F = rate self as different from others (frequency) K = defensiveness When you don’t want to admit to a character fault Nothing in your responciblity and everything is another persons fault You have your barriers up and don’t want to take responciblity Classification and Description of Personality Disorders ○ Historic titles: Impulsive rage cases = mania without delirium (not tested) Classification and Description of Personality Disorders ○ Chronically aggressive = moral insanity (high in aggression) = egopathy (psychoanlysis came up with term, ego disorder) = sociopathy = psychopathy Classification and Description of Personality Disorders ○ Erotomania (term) Anyone who is obsessed with another = obsession with another = stalking behaviour ○ Not always romantic- ○ Steven Harper There was a man living in the tree- he was convinced that steven harper needed help/protection Traditional Psychoanalytic Classifications ○ Examples: (term) "inadequate" = avoidant behaviour Passive-aggressive Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) ○ Now in 5th edition Definitions got broader ○ Includes Personality Disorders category  DSM-5 Personality Disorders ○ (term) Inflexible personality traits ○ Maladaptive A characteristic that doesn’t help you cope with society Ex. Other don’t want you around so when being in social settings you don’t want to be there ○ Cause impairments (social) It needs to the perosn experiencing it to make the judgement of how they feel (not others judgement of "normal") Cluster: Odd and Eccentric Behaviour ○ Exam info (FOR FINAL) A person described and then you have Cover up the distractors and you have to try and figure out what disorder Just need to know the clusters ○ Paranoid Personality Disorder Associated with interpersonal sensitivity. A person that is a holistic healer Central feature: pervasive mistrust. (central term for the disorder) Could be persecived as healthy skeptisim Questioing everything (not in a parinoid way) Interpersonal sensitivity. ○ Example “Certain people go out of their way to bother me” Cluster: Odd and Eccentric Behaviour ○ Schizoid Personality Disorder Think of a perosn who is really bury in their head Exaggerated introversion/absorbed. A person that is extremely introverted (super busy brain)- wanting to avoid others Excessive introversion Pervasive pattern of withdrawn behavior. Society varries with what is considered "withdrawn behaviour" Do not have warm relationships  Cluster: Odd and Eccentric Behaviour ○ Schizotypal Personality Disorder Display profound peculiarities. Beliefs (e.g., I am magical) Becoming not in touch with reality A perosn that is a medium Unusual thinking and odd ideas. What is unusual and odd is based on societal norms- women not using conventional medicine was considered "a which" Example ○ “My thinking has become confused” Then this is when you should get help- when you feel like asking for help Cluster: Dramatic, Emotional, or Erratic Behaviour (1 of 4) ○ Histrionic Personality Disorder Exaggerate experiences. Actors (ppl who are over acting) Egocentric: center of attention. Extraversion+++ Wayyyy too much extroversion Example ○ “I rarely get in a bad mood” Ready to ingage in activitys Cluster: Dramatic, Emotional, or Erratic Behaviour ○ Narcissistic Personality Disorder Preoccupied with self-appearance. Compensation for lack of admiration. Fragile self-esteem 2 forms of narcissistic Vulnerable narcissism You cant tell until they are questioned which then they react Often a person in finance has a fragile self-esteem- and vulnerable narcissism  Cluster: Dramatic, Emotional, or Erratic Behaviour ○ Borderline Personality Disorder Some degree of impusivity Inconsistency of personality traits. Presence of impulsivity. Occasional instability and impulsivity. BPD ○ Feel empty ○ Strained relationships (friendly and then aggressive) ○ Fear abandonment Insecure attachment- fear of them leaving (sappy clingy), demand loyalty ○ Demand loyalty from others Cluster: Dramatic, Emotional, or Erratic Behaviour ○ Antisocial Personality Disorder Uncontrolled impulses and regrets. Regard life as a game. Arsonest, ppl knowingly breaking laws Blame others for provoking. Example ○ “I’ve borrowed money knowing I wouldn’t pay it back” Disregard for social rules Cluster: Anxious and Fearful Behaviour ○ Avoidant Personality Disorder Elevated social anxiety. Very socially axious Shyness fits in (not nessarially introverted) Perpetual fear of embrassment Constant self-doubt. Example ○ “I often feel jittery” Nervous and self-doubt  Cluster: Anxious and Fearful Behaviour ○ Dependent Personality Disorder Overly submissive and clingy. Velcoring, want to come across as they need to be protected almost childlike Want others to decide for them Problem when person cannot function Example ○ “I have trouble standing up for myself” Cant defend themselves Cluster: Anxious and Fearful Behaviour ○ Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder We all have to some degree- only a disorder when it starts to actually effect you Extreme self-control. Trying to have control to some degree Serious and perfectionists. Some element of everything/some features they do is the right ways Example ○ “I often fear I might slip up and say something wrong” Concerned of being right Etiology of Personality Disorders ○ Where do they come from ○ Genetic contribution Not necessarily 50/50 ---> more likely 40/60 when it comes to genes e.g., BPD moderately heritable ○ Environmental contribution Parents play a role Children from unfavourable and stressful homes typically show greater antisocial characteristics Very strong relationship/impact Were they listening to you and responding to you  ○ The Psychoanalytic Tradition Unconscious psychological mechanisms. Person's social maladjustments. ○ The Behavioral-Learning Tradition Formed in daily interactions. Act because behaviour is reinforced. Example: demanding and angry parents tend to produce fearful/paranoid children BF skinner- had demanding and angry parents Punished for not following rules Afraid of punishment Example: BPD can come from parental abuse, neglect, separation, and violence They werent attending to you More likely to engage in related ○ The Cognitive Tradition Focuses on processing of information. There is no right or wrong way of processing info Like a phobia Cognition and emotional responses. e.g., Beck's depression model Everybody has negative thoughts/moods but when it bothers you is when you get help ○ The Trait Tradition Represents anomalous configurations. Table in textbook- don’t have to memorize (wonky profile of The five-factor model) Too much personality. (trait disorder) ○ Trait excess meaning you have too much of one or the other end (both are a problem according to the trait model- there is 2 sides of the spectrum too much of either is a disorder) ○ The Cross-Cultural Approach Tolerance thresholds differ Terms of expectable behaviour Ex. Frat hazing- you have to step in when the threshold has been broken to an extent  If okay with unusual behaviours, then high threshold Differential Diagnosis and Comorbidity ○ Comorbidity = 1+ disorders Co= more than 1 (one or more) ○ Differential diagnosis (examine each individually) A situation when 2 ppl will give you 2 diagnosis of the same thing ○ Diagnostic problems. ○ Example: Personality and anxiety-related disorders. Hard to distinguish the two Applying Knowledge to the Clinical Domain ○ Treatment of Personality Disorders No magic pill. Schema therapy = personalized approach Is when you perosnalize a treatment per individual Credit ○ Example items were from the Personality Assessment Inventory by L.C. Morey Lecture Notes on Stress Definition of Stress Stress: Physiological and psychological reactions to events or situations (stressors). Types of Stress Eustress: ○ Positive stress. ○ Provides motivation and energy at an optimal arousal level (not too much or too little). Distress: ○ Negative stress. ○ Occurs when demands exceed personal control (e.g., job interviews, exams). Other Key Concepts Strain: The consequence of stress. Residual Stress: Stress carried over from previous situations. General Stressors in Life 1. Tasks: ○ Either too simplistic or overly complex. ○ Too monotonous or overly varied. 2. Role Conflicts: ○ E.g., balancing work and home life.  3. Role Overload: ○ Tension between time demands and quality expectations. 4. Role Ambiguity: ○ Uncertainty about tasks or life roles. 5. Physical Stressors: ○ Noise, temperature, light, vibrations. Perceptions and Cognitions Coping with Stress: ○ Forecasting: Constant worry about the future, linked to neuroticism. Stressor Assessments 1. Primary Appraisal: ○ Initial evaluation of stressors. ○ If deemed catastrophic, coping becomes unlikely. 2. Secondary Appraisal: ○ Developing alternative actions reduces stress. Responses to Stress Physiological: Increased blood pressure, ulcers, cortisol release. Psychological: Negative emotions such as anger, hostility, and depression. Behavioral: Negative actions like accidents, theft, substance abuse, or leaving a job/school. Consequences of Stress Decline in job or school performance. Health issues. Behavioral changes like absenteeism or quitting. Burnout: Emotional exhaustion. Stress Mediators Situational Factors: Social support. Predictable and understandable stressors. Controllable stressors. Personal Factors: Low neuroticism and high emotional stability. Prevention and Intervention 1. Lifestyle Approaches: ○ Laughter, physical fitness, proper diet, and sleep. 2. Skills Development: ○ Time management training. ○ Joining support groups for self-empowerment. 3. Alternative Techniques: ○ Deep breathing. ○ Progressive muscle relaxation. ○ Biofeedback, yoga, meditation. Exam Preparation Section Key Definitions: Stress: Reaction to stressors. Eustress vs. Distress: Compare positive and negative forms of stress. Burnout: Emotional exhaustion caused by prolonged stress. Memorization Aids: 1. Stressors: Use the acronym "TRAPP": ○ Tasks, Role conflicts, Ambiguity, Physical factors, Pressures. 2. Coping Assessments: ○ Primary: First evaluation. ○ Secondary: Plan alternatives. 3. Interventions: Remember "FATSY": ○ Fitness, Alternatives (e.g., yoga), Time management, Support, Yoga. Questions to Practice: 1. Describe the difference between eustress and distress with examples. 2. Explain how personal and situational mediators affect stress levels. 3. Discuss the physiological and behavioral responses to stress. Lecture Notes: Personality in the Digital Domain Introduction to Online Personality Definition: Online personality encompasses how individuals present themselves in digital spaces and how their behaviors reflect their psychological traits. Key Concept: Digital footprints serve as evidence of an individual's personality traits. The Digital Personality Continuum 1. The Reflector: ○ Represents an accurate reflection of the individual’s offline personality. ○ Primarily uses digital platforms for communication. 2. The Enhancer (a.k.a. The Amplifier):  ○ Engages in grandstanding, presenting themselves in a flamboyant or exaggerated manner to impress others. ○ Uses the digital world to improve aspects of their personality (e.g., overcoming shyness by making online friends). 3. The Transformer: ○ Actively changes how they appear online, creating a distinct digital persona. 4. The Separator: ○ Maintains a clear division between online and offline selves. ○ Develops a new dimension of personality that exists only in digital spaces, creating a distinct psychological reality. ○ Involves: Artificial Intelligence and Fake Personalities: Adoption of avatars or non-human personas. Digital Immortality: Concept of "mindclones" – digital files capturing thoughts, opinions, and values. Privacy in the Digital World Challenges: ○ Breach of privacy: Unintended discovery of online activities. ○ Invasion of privacy: Lack of control over personal information. Sex Differences in Privacy Concerns: ○ Women generally exhibit greater concern about privacy, especially regarding digital postings. Reputation in the Digital Era Definition: Reputation is the cumulative perception of an individual by others, influenced by social standards (e.g., age, gender expectations). Digital Reputation: ○ A searchable record that can be scrutinized by others, including potential employers. Implications and Discussions How digital personas impact relationships and professional opportunities. Ethical considerations in managing digital footprints and privacy. The evolving role of artificial intelligence in shaping digital identities.