LAS202 Sustainable Food Systems Module 3 Lesson 1 PDF

LAS202 Sustainable Food Systems  MODULE 3 Nutrition-Related Health Conditions Lesson 1 Conditions associated with obesity, undernutrition and nutrient deficiencies Overweight and Obesity Overweight and obesity are defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair hea...

LAS202 Sustainable Food Systems  MODULE 3 Nutrition-Related Health Conditions Lesson 1 Conditions associated with obesity, undernutrition and nutrient deficiencies Overweight and Obesity Overweight and obesity are defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health For adults, the World Health Organization (WHO) defines overweight and obesity as follows: Overweight is a BMI greater than or equal to 25; and Obesity is a BMI greater than or equal to 30. Write down 3 to 5 facts about obesity and overweight based on what you watch in the video (12) Overweight World - Obesity Facts and Statistics - YouTube Overweight and Obesity Worldwide obesity has nearly tripled since 1975. In 2016, more than 1.9 billion adults, 18 years and older, were overweight. Of these over 650 million were obese. 39% of adults aged 18 years and over were overweight in 2016, and 13% were obese. Most of the world's population live in countries where overweight and obesity kills more people than underweight. 39 million children under the age of 5 were overweight or obese in 2020. Over 340 million children and adolescents aged 5-19 were overweight or obese in 2016. Obesity is preventable. Overweight and Obesity Causes Underlying Factors Consequences High energy input Genetics high food intake Emotional influences Low energy output Social determinants - low physical activity Physical activity - hypothyroidism Physiological - genetics [polycystic ovary syndrome, underactive thyroid]  Overweight and Obesity Raised BMI is a major risk factor for noncommunicable diseases such as: Cardiovascular diseases (mainly heart disease and stroke) Diabetes Musculoskeletal disorders (especially osteoarthritis – a highly disabling degenerative disease of the joints) Some cancers (including endometrial, breast, ovarian, prostate, liver, gallbladder, kidney, and colon)  Childhood obesity Childhood obesity is associated with a higher chance of obesity, premature death and disability in adulthood. In addition to increased future risks, obese children experience Breathing difficulties, Increased risk of fractures, Hypertension, Early markers of cardiovascular disease, Insulin resistance and Psychological effects. Obesity and non-communicable diseases Diabetes Cancer Hypertension Cardiovascular disease  Diabetes Chronic disease characterized by elevated blood glucose concentrations An estimated 1/2 of those suffering from diabetes are not aware of their condition! In 2015, the prevalence of diabetes in Lebanese adults was 12.2% * *International Diabetes Federation  Diabetes symptoms and complications Symptoms: Polyuria Polydypsia Polyphagia Complications:  Neuropathy (nervous system)  Retinopathy (eye sight)  Nephropathy (kidney)  Can lead to amputation and heart disease  Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) 3 major risk factors for CVD: 1. Elevated Blood Cholesterol 2. Smoking 3. Hypertension. Injury / Damage in the lining of arteries Build Up of Plaque (made up of fat, calcium and cholesterol) Narrowing of arteries : Atherosclerosis  Cardiovascular Disease Development Stroke/ Narrowing of arteries Blood Flow Atherosclerosis Blocked Heart attack  Cardiovascular Disease Recommendations For adults, the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for fat is 20-35% of total calories Dietary cholesterol does not seem to play a major role in blood cholesterol which is rather affected by: physical activity body weight intake of saturated and trans fat heredity, age, and sex. →→ no recommendation set for cholesterol intake (lack of adequate evidence)  Hypertension Hypertension (HTN) = Chronic elevation in blood pressure Occurs in 1 out of every 3 adults Approximately 30% of adults are unaware of their hypertension (asymptomatic; silent). Risk Factors: Genetic predisposition Obesity Age Smoking Lack of physical activity Salt sensitivity Alcohol Diet – low in fruits, vegetables, nuts, potassium, calcium; high in fat Medications: cortisone and other steroids; estrogens; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs  Complications If untreated, chronic high blood pressure may lead to: Coronary artery disease, Cardiac failure Kidney failure Myocardial Infarction, stroke Vision problems (retinopathy)  HTN Dietary Management DASH Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Decrease sodium Inclusion of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains Limit fat and saturated fat Increase calcium, potassium, fiber Limit alcohol Monitor caffeine intake Some medications taken if unable to control, while still making lifestyle modifications  Cancer Relative survival rate for all cancers Due to improvements in early detection diagnosed between 2004 and 2010 and new anticancer therapies is 68%. Increased from 49% in 1974-76. 1/3 of cancer deaths each year can be attributed to nutrition and lifestyle behaviors.  Cancer Causes Genetics Obesity/increased body fat Sedentary lifestyle Inadequate fruit and vegetable intake Intake of alcohol Excessive intake of red and cured meat Viruses Occupational/ environmental exposure to carcinogens Radiation exposure Smoking or tobacco use, passive exposure to tobacco Repetitive tissue injury (e.g. chronic reflux) Methods of food preservation Food preservation can enhance carcinogens  N-nitrosocompounds (NOC) known as nitrosamines: ◦ Formed in smoked, salted and pickled foods cured with nitrates and nitrites. ◦ Give hot dogs and luncheon meats their pink color. ◦ Also found in vegetables and drinking water.  Acrylamide: ◦ Byproduct formed during frying, roasting and baking at very high temperatures. ◦ May be a carcinogen. Nutrients for cancer prevention Coffee and tea (green has more Calcium and Vitamin D catechins than black tea) Fruits and vegetables – Folate and Folic Acid – affects protective mostly against mouth, DNA synthesis and repair pharynx, larynx, esophageal and stomach cancers Soy and phytoestrogens – protective against breast and prostate cancer but should not be consumed in women already diagnosed with a hormone-sensitive cancer UNDERNUTRITION AND MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES  Undernutrition 462 million adults are underweight. Around 45% of deaths among children under 5 years of age are linked to undernutrition. These mostly occur in low- and middle-income countries. Undernutrition makes children in particular much more vulnerable to disease and death. Protein Energy Malnutrition  Micronutrient-related Malnutrition Micronutrients enable the body to produce enzymes, hormones, and other substances that are essential for proper growth and development. Micronutrient deficiencies can cause several serious health issues. Iron, iodine and vitamin A are the most important in global public health terms; Their deficiency represents a major threat to the health and development of populations worldwide, particularly children and pregnant women in low-income countries.  Anemia A lack of iron, folate and vitamins B12 and A can lead to anemia. Anemia is a condition in which there is a reduced number of red blood cells or hemoglobin concentration, ➔ causing fatigue, weakness, shortage of breath and dizziness. This can further lead to difficulties in functioning at work, education and community engagement. An estimated 42% of children under 5 years of age and 40% of pregnant women worldwide are anemic.  Iron Deficiency Iron deficiency, and specifically iron deficiency anemia, remains one of the most severe and important nutritional deficiencies in the world today. Iron deficiency impairs the cognitive development of children from infancy through to adolescence.  Iodine Deficiency Severe iodine deficiency can lead to brain damage and during pregnancy can cause a number of issues including stillbirth, spontaneous abortion and congenital anomalies. Less severe iodine deficiency may still cause mental impairment that reduces intellectual capacity. The preferred strategy for the control of iodine deficiency remains universal salt iodization, which requires that all food-grade salt used in household and food processing be fortified with iodine. UNICEF estimates that 66% of households globally have access to iodized salt.  Vitamin A Deficiency Vitamin A deficiency is the leading cause of preventable blindness in children and increases the risk of disease and death from severe infections Vitamin A deficiency may also occur in women during the last trimester of pregnancy in high-risk areas. Breastfeeding is the best way to protect babies from vitamin A deficiency and, in areas where vitamin A deficiency is a public health problem, vitamin A supplementation is recommended in infants and children 6-59 months of age.