LAB WORK (LW) - Ch18 - Endocrine Identification PDF

LAB WORK (LW) - Ch18 - Endocrine Identification ~30 mins Due: 11:59pm on Saturday, March 23, 2024 To understand how points are awarded, read the Grading Policy for this assignment. Art-labeling Activity: The Thyroid Gland Learning Goal: To learn the anatomical and histological features of the thyroi...

LAB WORK (LW) - Ch18 - Endocrine Identification ~30 mins Due: 11:59pm on Saturday, March 23, 2024 To understand how points are awarded, read the Grading Policy for this assignment. Art-labeling Activity: The Thyroid Gland Learning Goal: To learn the anatomical and histological features of the thyroid gland. Label the anatomical and histological features of the thyroid gland. Part A Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the anatomical and histological features of the thyroid gland. ANSWER: Reset Capillary Thyroid follicle Capsule Follicle cavities Right lobe of thyroid gland Left lobe of thyroid gland Isthmus of thyroid gland Cuboidal epithelium of follicle C cell Correct Art-labeling Activity: Endocrine Functions of the Kidneys: The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Label the hormones and events of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Part A Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the hormones and events of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. ANSWER: Help Reset Help Increase in blood pressure and volume Decreasing renal blood flow and O2 Erythropoietin (EPO) is released Aldosterone secreted Renin is released Stimulation of thirst Angiotensin II Angiotensinogen ACE Correct Chapter 18 Clinical Note Questions 1 and 2: Endocrine Disorders Endocrine Disorders Regulation of hormone levels often involves negative feedback control mechanisms. These mechanisms involve the endocrine organ, neural regulatory factors, and target tissues. Hormone overproduction (hypersecretion) or underproduction (hyposecretion) may cause problems. Abnormal cellular sensitivity to the hormone can also lead to problems. Primary disorders arise from problems within the endocrine organ. The underlying cause may be a metabolic factor. Hypothyroidism due to a lack of dietary iodine is an example. An endocrine organ may also malfunction due to physical damage that destroys cells or disrupts the normal blood supply. Congenital problems may also affect the regulation, production, or release of hormones by endocrine cells. Secondary disorders are due to problems in other organs or target tissues. Such disorders often involve the hypothalamus or pituitary gland. For example, secondary hypothyroidism occurs when the hypothalamus or pituitary gland doesn't produce enough TRH and/or TSH. Abnormalities in target cells can affect their sensitivity or responsiveness to a particular hormone. For example, Type 2 diabetes is due to the target cells' decreased sensitivity to insulin. Endocrine disorders often reflect either abnormal hormone production or abnormal cellular sensitivity to hormones. The signs and symptoms highlight the significance of normally "silent" hormonal contributions. The characteristics of these disorders are summarized in Table 18-8. Part A Primary endocrine disorders may be due to damage to the hormone-producing organ. Karen's thyroid gland suffered damage from repeated exposure to radiation because of a neck injury. Which of the following is least likely to be part of a primary endocrine disorder for Karen? ANSWER: hyposecretion of calcitonin hyposecretion of T3 and T4 decreased osteoblast sensitivity to calcitonin All of the listed responses are correct. Correct Part B In secondary hypothyroidism, thyroid hormone release from the thyroid is impaired because of a lack in TRH or TSH. Considering the information above, secondary hypogonadism could result from a lack in which of the following hormones? ANSWER: gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) luteinizing hormone (LH) Correct Chapter 18 Clinical Note Questions 1 and 2: Hormones and Athletic Performance Hormones and Athletic Performance The use of hormones to improve athletic performance is widely banned. The International Olympic Committee, the U.S. Olympic Committee, the Nati onal Collegiate Athletic Association, Major League Baseball, and the National Football League all ban it. The American Medical Association and the American College of Sports Medicine condemn the practice. Yet athletes such as Lance Armstrong, the seven-time winner of the Tour de France cycling event, admit to "doping." Athletes most often use anabolic steroids, growth hormone, erythropoietin, and a variety of synthetic hormones. Androgen Abuse The use of anabolic steroids, or androgens, has become popular with many amateur and professional athletes. The goal of steroid use is to increase muscle mass, endurance, and "competitive spirit." One supposed justification for this steroid use is the unfounded opinion that compounds made in the body are not only safe, but also good for you. In reality, the administration of natural or synthetic androgens in abnormal amounts carries unacceptable health risks. Androgens are known to produce several complications. These problems include (1) premature closure of epiphyseal cartilages, (2) various liver dysfunctions (such as jaundice and liver tumors), (3) prostate gland enlargement and urinary tract obstruction, and (4) testicular atrophy and infertility. Links to heart attacks, impaired cardiac function, and strokes have also been suggested. The normal regulation of androgen production involves a feedback mechanism comparable to that described for adrenal steroids earlier in this chapter. GnRH stimulates the production of LH, and LH stimulates the secretion of testosterone and other androgens by the interstitial endocrine cells of the testes. Circulating androgens, in turn, inhibit the production of both GnRH and LH. For this reason, high doses of synthetic androgens can suppress the normal production of testosterone and depress the manufacture of GnRH by the hypothalamus. This suppression of GnRH release can be permanent. The use of androgens as "bulking agents" by female bodybuilders may add muscle mass, but it can also alter muscular proportions and secondary sex Part A Your friend has been taking a cocktail of hormone supplements in an effort to gain a competitive edge during an upcoming marathon. You tell him that this is unhealthy and illegal. But it also gets you wondering what might be in this cocktail. Which of the following is NOT a likely ingredient? ANSWER: melatonin growth hormone (GH) testosterone erythropoietin (EPO) Correct Part B Some athletes use GHB to enhance their lean body muscle mass. GHB, however, does not have a direct effect on muscle growth. Which hormone would most likely be stimulated by GHB to exert its anabolic effect? ANSWER: progesterone growth hormone prolactin testosterone Correct Lab Manual Exercise 33 Post-lab Quiz Question 1 Part A The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is NOT a true endocrine gland because. ANSWER: it does not produce hormones, rather it stores hormones from the hypothalamus for release it is unable to function as endocrine tissue because it is part of the nervous system due to its location in adults it is not functional it is strictly part of the neural system and has nothing to do with hormonal release Correct Lab Manual Exercise 33 Pre-lab Quiz Question 5 Part A What connects the pituitary gland to the brain at the hypothalamus? ANSWER: brain stem infundibulum midbrain thalamus Correct Art-labeling Activity: Histology of the Thyroid Gland Part A Drag the labels to the appropriate location in the figure. ANSWER: Reset Help Capillary C cell (micrograph) Capsule Simple cuboidal epithelium of follicle Follicle cavities Thyroid follicle (diagram) C cell (diagram) Thyroid follicles (micrograph) Thyroglobulin stored in colloid of follicle Correct Art-labeling Activity: The Parathyroid Glands Part A Drag the labels to the appropriate location in the figure. ANSWER: Reset Capsule of parathyroid gland Thyroid follicle Left lobe of thyroid gland Parathyroid (chief) cells Parathyroid glands Oxyphil cells Help Correct Art-labeling Activity: The Adrenal Gland Part A Drag the labels to the appropriate location in the figure. ANSWER: Reset Capsule Zona glomerulosa Adrenal cortex Zona fasciculata Zona reticularis Adrenal medulla Correct Lab Manual Exercise 33 Pre-lab Quiz Question 2 Part A An important regulator of electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluids is. ANSWER: cortisol aldosterone insulin glucagon Correct Lab Manual Exercise 33 Post-lab Quiz Question 15 Help Part A Which endocrine gland also performs exocrine functions? ANSWER: thyroid gland pituitary gland pancreas thymus Correct Core Lab Coaching Activity: Endocrine system Two systems regulate homeostasis: the nervous system and the endocrine system. These systems must coordinate their activities to maintain control of the body’s internal functions. The endocrine system works by communicating via secreting hormones to slowly cause changes in the metabolic activities of their target cells. The secretion of many hormones is regulated by a negative feedback mechanism. Part A - Anatomy of the Hypothalamus and the Pituitary Gland The pituitary gland is located right above the roof of the mouth in a bony depression in the sphenoid bone. It is composed of two main regions: the posterior pituitary, which is a downgrowth of the hypothalamus, and the anterior pituitary, which is epithelial in origin. The hypothalamus is located in the inferior region of the third ventricle superior to the pituitary gland. The hypothalamus controls pituitary function through the secretion of releasing or inhibiting hormones. Drag and drop the correct term by the structure. Hint 1. How do the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus communicate? The hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary are not directly connected to each other. There's an intricate vascular system that carries the stimulatory and/or inhibitory neurohormones to the cells in the pituitary. Hint 2. What is the composition of the posterior pituitary? The posterior pituitary, or the neurohypophysis, is a downgrowth of neural tissue, i.e., the hypothalamus. The axons travel from the hypothalamus to this region and carry and store the two hormones secreted from the posterior pituitary. ANSWER: Reset Help Third ventricle Hypothalamus Infundibulum Pars tuberalis Median eminence Pars distalis Posterior pituitary Pars intermedia Anterior pituitary Correct Part B - Hormones and Their Function Hormones are produced in response to the body's physiological demands. They carry a functional message to a specific target. Their secretion is mostly regulated through negative feedback mechanisms. Each hormone may have one or more functions and is generally named based on the type of cell it acts on (gonadotropes) or the purported function (growth hormone). Match the terms with the correct description. Hint 1. Diabetes mellitus Diabetes is caused by low or absent insulin hormone in the body. Insulin is released due to rising levels of glucose in the blood. If there's not enough insulin produced, glucose will not be absorbed by the body cells and will remain elevated in the blood. Most will end up in the urine. Hint 2. Hydrocortisone for the itch! Cortisol is a steroid hormone secreted from the adrenal glands. This steroid has multiple functions, from rising during stress to suppressing the immune system. ANSWER: Reset Insulin Help lowers blood glucose level. Glucagon raises blood glucose level. Aldosterone Cortisol aids in reabsorption of sodium from the kidneys. is an immunosuppressive steroid hormone. Progesterone thickens the uterine wall and maintains pregnancy. Estrogen is responsible for the secondary female characteristics such as breast development. Prolactin stimulates milk production in lactating women. Antidiuretic hormone Oxytocin acts on the kidneys to reabsorb water. stimulates uterine muscle contraction during childbirth. Correct Part C - Hormones Involved in Calcium Regulation Homeostatic maintenance of calcium in the body requires the interaction of the thyroid and parathyroid glands, bone tissue, kidneys, and the digestive system. Which hormone combination is involved in maintaining calcium levels in blood? Hint 1. How to raise calcium levels in the blood When blood calcium levels are low, the osteoclasts, under the influence of the thyroid gland, start demineralizing the bone in order to provide the necessary calcium. ANSWER: PTH, prolactin, and calcitriol PTH, calcitonin, and calcitriol Oxytocin, PTH, and calcitonin Insulin, glucagon, and calcitonin Correct Part D - Hormones of the Hypothalamus The hypothalamus sits at the base of the brain and is superior to the pituitary gland. It controls a variety of vital functions ranging from osmoregulation to reproduction. Of the hormones listed below, which ones are synthesized by the hypothalamus? Select all that apply. Hint 1. The hypothalamus is made up of multiple specialized nuclei The nuclei in the hypothalamus secrete various neurohormones that may act locally, get transported to the anterior pituitary gland, or get transported via axonal transport to be stored in the posterior pituitary. ANSWER: Prolactin Oxytocin Follicle-stimulating hormone Growth hormone Thyroid-stimulating hormone Antidiuretic hormone Correct Part E - Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones: Part 1 Hormones are messengers transported in the blood that carry a specific message to a distant tissue. Hormones can either be secreted by a dedicated endocrine gland or by an organ or a tissue. Match each hormone with the gland that produces it. There might be more than one correct answer. Hint 1. Endocrine tissue vs. endocrine gland An endocrine gland is a dedicated structure that only produces hormones, such as the pituitary gland or the thyroid gland. An endocrine tissue is an organ that besides its major function can also secrete hormones, such as the kidneys, heart, and gonads. Hint 2. Specificity or multiplicity in function Some hormones are very specific in their function and have only one role, such as antidiuretic hormone. Some hormones can exert multiple effects, such as oxytocin and melatonin. Oxytocin can act as a neurotransmitter in the CNS and as a potent smooth muscle contractor in the body. Melatonin controls the sleep cycle in the brain and acts as an antioxidant in the peripheral system. ANSWER: Reset Anterior pituitary Posterior pituitary Thyroid Help Testes Antidiuretic hormone Prolactin Growth hormone Calcitonin Testosterone Inhibin Oxytocin Correct Part F - Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones: Part 2 Hormones are messengers transported in the blood carrying specific message to a distant tissue. Hormones can either be secreted by a dedicated endocrine gland or by an organ or a tissue. Match each hormone with the gland that produces it. There might be more than one correct answer. Hint 1. Endocrine tissue vs. endocrine gland An endocrine gland refers to a dedicated structure that only produces hormones, such as the pituitary gland or the thyroid gland. An endocrine tissue refers to an organ that besides its major function can also secrete hormones, such as the kidneys, heart, and gonads. Hint 2. Specificity or multiplicity in function Some hormones are very specific in their function and have only one role, such as antidiuretic hormone. Some hormones can exert multiple effects, such as oxytocin and melatonin. Oxytocin can act as neurotransmitter in the CNS and as potent smooth muscle contractor in the body. Melatonin controls the sleep cycle in the brain and acts as an antioxidant in the peripheral system. ANSWER: Reset Ovaries Progesterone Pancreas Estrogen Insulin Correct Score Summary: Your score on this assignment is 100%. You received 6.5 out of a possible total of 6.5 points. Adrenal cortex Glucagon Aldosterone Adrenal medulla Cortisol Epinephrine Help