Lab 6 Animal Kingdom W2024 PDF

BIO10 Lab 6: Kingdom Animalia (rev. W2024) Lab 6: Taxonomy & Animal Kingdom Pre-Lab Questions: 1. What is taxonomy? Science of classifying + naming living things 2. What phyla of animals has no true tissues? Phylum Porifera, sponge...

BIO10 Lab 6: Kingdom Animalia (rev. W2024) Lab 6: Taxonomy & Animal Kingdom Pre-Lab Questions: 1. What is taxonomy? Science of classifying + naming living things 2. What phyla of animals has no true tissues? Phylum Porifera, sponge 3. What phyla of animals demonstrates radial symmetry? Phylum Cnidaria, jellyfish 4. Name one animal phyla that demonstrates bilateral symmetry? Phylum Nematoda, earthworm, bird 5. What characteristics are shared by all members of the animal kingdom? Lacks cell wall, eukaryotic, heterotrophic, multicellular, and sexually reproducing 6. Do sponges have a digestive tract? No 7. What is the ecological role for an Earthworm? To loosen mix and oxygenate soil, enriches the soil 8. What is an endoparasite? Parasite that lives inside host 9. What is an ectoparasite? Parasite that lives outside host 10. What is a marine animal? Animal that live in saltwater Members of the animal kingdom ARE very diverse. How are they similar? Characteristics shared by all animals: Eukaryotic Heterotrophic Multicellular Sexually reproducing Patterns in Animal Kingdom Evolution 82 BIO10 Lab 6: Kingdom Animalia (rev. W2024) From simple to more complex From marine to terrestrial From radial to bilateral symmetry Let’s start with a brief history of TAXONOMY Taxonomy: the science of classifying and naming living things! Why Taxonomy? Taxonomy is important so we can clearly communicate about organisms in a scientific way. For example, a robin here in the USA and a robin in Great Britain are two very different birds. By using binomial nomenclature (scientific names), we can be clear about what species we mean. Also, taxonomy helps us to categorize organisms and indicate relationships. Taxonomy allows us to easily indicate, for example, that we are more closely related to a rabbit than a fish. A VERY Brief History of taxonomy: 3000 BCE – Chinese Emperor Shen Nung tests hundreds of herbs for medicinal value. He was known as the Father of Chinese medicine and is believed to have introduced acupuncture. He wanted to educate his people in agriculture and medicine and is said to have tasted hundreds of herbs to test their medicinal value. The pharmacopoeia Divine Husbandman's Materia Medica included 365 medicines derived from minerals, plants, and animals. 1500 BCE – Egyptian wall paintings and preserved scrolls classify different plant species by name 384 – 322 BCE – Greek philosopher Aristotle launches the western tradition of taxonomy by classifying plants and animals by their size, habitat (ex. Land or water), and methods of reproduction. Some of his groups are still used today, like the vertebrates and invertebrates, which he called animals with blood and without blood. His system of classification was not evolutionary, and the various species on the ladder had no specific genetic relationship to each other. 1516 - 1565 – Swiss scholar Conrad von Gesner publishes a 5-volume compendium of then-known life forms in the 1550s. 1656 – 1708 – French botanist Joseph Pitton de Tournefort classifies about 9,000 species in 698 genera. 1707 -1778 – Swedish botanist Carolus Linneaus publishes The System of Nature in 1735, becoming the father of modern taxonomy. Linnaeus placed humans among the primates and used binomial nomenclature to classify us as Homo sapiens. Linnaeus’ work continued through his successors, and the 83 BIO10 Lab 6: Kingdom Animalia (rev. W2024) principles of taxonomy are now based on genetic principles, informed by the analysis of DNA. 1977 – American microbiologist Carl Woese defines the Archaea as a separate domain of life, introducing the 3-domain system used today. domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species Dumb King Phillip Came Over For Green Spaghetti, The 3 Domain System ❖ This system proposes that a “last universal common ancestor” (LUCA) cell gives rise to three different cell types, each representing a domain. ❖ The three domains are the Archaea, the Bacteria, and the Eukarya (eukaryotes). ❖ The Eukarya are then divided into 4 kingdoms: Protists, Fungi, Animalia, and Plantae. o A species represents one type of organism. o Binomial Nomenclature: Genus + species. Species names are always underlined or written in italics An Introduction to Animal Diversity Most people, when they think of animals, think of those similar to us: dogs, cats, horses, apes, tigers and other mammals. However, the Kingdom Animalia is in fact a very diverse one, with mammals being just a minor group in terms of numbers of species. Actually, in terms of diversity and numbers, the Arthropods are far and away dominant and arguably the most important group ecologically. This lab features some of the more common animal phyla. Work in your lab groups, using this handout as a guide to examine the names, characteristics and examples from each of the phyla represented. Major characteristics are provided. Objectives for today’s lab: At the end of today’s lab you should be able to name these phyla, give their general characteristics, and be able to place an animal into its correct phylum. You will also learn some of the classes in the phyla Arthropoda and Chordata and you should be able to place these animals into their correct class. 84 BIO10 Lab 6: Kingdom Animalia (rev. W2024) You are responsible for visually identifying organisms from the phylums and classes listed below. Phylum Name Description (Add a photo/ illustration) Phylum Porifera No tissues, organs, nervous system, appendages Most asymmetrical Have internal skeleton of CaC03 or silica Filter feeders by circulating water through pores Sponges Phylum Cnidaria Jellyfish, anemones, Hydra, corals Radial symmetry Two body plans: polyp and medusa Polyp: sessile (stalked as Hydra, anemones) Medusa body plan (jellyfish) Stinging cells for offense/defense (some stings are lethal to humans) Corals make reefs of CaC03 which they secrete around their soft bodies Phylum Flatworms, flukes, tapeworms Platyhelminthes Many parasitic, some free-living (usually aquatic) Primitive nervous system Incomplete digestive system (what goes in comes out of same opening) 1st to show bilateral symmetry with cephalization (head formation) 85  BIO10 Lab 6: Kingdom Animalia (rev. W2024) Phylum Un-segmented round worms Nematoda Both parasitic and free living No true body segmentation Bilateral symmetry 1st of these phyla to have a complete digestive tract (mouth to anus) Primitive nervous system Phylum Clams, snails, mussels, slugs, abalone, squid, octopus etc Mollusca Body enclosed in a thin mantle that secretes a shell of one, two, or eight parts. (i.e. snail = 1, clam =2, chiton =8) Have ventral muscular foot modified for crawling (as a snail), burrowing (as a clam), or swimming (as a squid). Complete digestive tract, nervous system with nerve ganglia, capable of fine, directed movement Many with a radula (feeding structure with rows of teeth) Used either for scraping up food (snail) or grasping prey (squid) Most free living (not parasitic), most marine Phylum Segmented worms: earthworms, leeches, marine worms Annelida Segmented bodies composed of many similar and ring-like segments, Annelida= little ring This segmentation is visible externally and internally Move by use of fluid filled hydrostatic skeleton Bilateral symmetry Complete digestive tract, closed circulatory system (blood flows thru discrete vessels) Most free living: earthworms, marine worms Some parasitic: leeches 86  BIO10 Lab 6: Kingdom Animalia (rev. W2024) Phylum 85% of animal kingdom Contains >1 million species Arthropoda Biggest, most diverse and most important phylum Body usually segmented Exoskeleton made of chitin Bilateral symmetry, complete digestive tract, elaborately jointed appendages 3 major classes Crustacea: crabs, shrimps, lobsters, crayfish, barnacles; 10+ appendages, most marine Arachnida: spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites, body in 2 major segments, 8 legs, wingless Insecta: grasshoppers, flies, moths, butterflies, beetles, bees, lice, etc. Most abundant, diverse & widespread of all animals, body in 3 major segments (head, thorax, abdomen), 6 legs, most winged as adults Phylum Sea stars, urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers Echinodermata Echinoderm = “spiny skin” Radial symmetry as adults, larvae are bilateral No head, show some chordate characteristics embryologically 87  BIO10 Lab 6: Kingdom Animalia (rev. W2024) Phyla Chordata: At some point in their life cycles, all chordates have a dorsal nerve cord running down the back, a notochord (supporting rod made of cartilage just beneath the nerve cord), pharyngeal gill slits and a post-anal tail Subphyla: Vertebrata (remember only 5% of the animal kingdom has a backbone) Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals Phylum Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Most chordates are in this group Backbone or vertebral column Class Class Chondrichthyes: sharks and rays. Chondrichthyes Fish w/ cartilaginous skeletons, not bone, gill slits Class Osteichthyes: trout, salmon, goldish, Have a bony skeleton, gills covered by operculum Class Amphibia: frogs, toads, nets, salamanders Have dual life: adults usually terrestrial, larvae are aquatic with gills, most thin skinned, eggs without shells First vertebrates to live out of water New features for life on land include legs, lungs, nostrils Ectothermic (body temp varies according to outside, environmental temp) 88  BIO10 Lab 6: Kingdom Animalia (rev. W2024) Class Reptilia: lizards, snakes, turtles, tortoises, crocs and alligators, dinosaurs 1st vertebrates completely adapted to terrestrial living Shelled, amniotic eggs (no need to lay eggs in water) Thick, scaly skin retards water loss Limbs capable of rapid locomotion (lacking in snakes) Ectothermic with behavioral temperature regulation Class Aves: birds Feathers (same derivation as reptile scales) Endothermic (constant body temperature) Front limbs modified for flight (wings) in most Skeleton with hollow, air-filled bones (reduces weight) No teeth (have lighter beaks) Sternum (breast bone) enlarged with median keel for attaching wing muscles Very efficient lung/air sac system – useful for energy costs of flight Usually show high parental investment Internal fertilization, lays eggs Class Mammalia: rodents, bats, cats, dogs, horses, cattle, pigs Mammary glands on females provide milk (also found on males but not functional) Have fur/hair (even on whales) Usually show high parental investment Endothermic with generally stable body temp, except in hibernators 89 BIO10 Lab 6: Kingdom Animalia (rev. W2024) Post Lab Questions 1. Which phylum do the following animals belong to? Jellyfish - Phylum Cnidaria Siberian tiger - Chordata tapeworm - Platyhelminthes seagull - Chordata sea urchin - Phylum Echinodermata 2. What percentage of the animal kingdom are invertebrates? 95% 3. Which class does each of the following animals belong to? Horse - Mamallia stingray - Chondrichthyes bald eagle - Aves dolphin - Mamallia 4. Explain why all chordates share these embryonic features: Gill slits, post-anal tail, and a notochord? It is a common ancestry 5. Define these terms: a. Filter feeder - strain their food, water brings it to them b. Bivalve - snails, clams, squid, octopus, etc, mollusks that has two shells c. Test - the shell of invertebrates d. Exoskeleton - hard covered on the outside e. Endoskeleton - hard covered on inside f. Crustacean - class of arthropods, lobsters, crabs g. Sessile - animals that don’t move 90