Lab 2 - Computer Arch Part 2.pdf

Lesson 2 – Computer Architecture Hardware basics, discuss memory addressing, students to read pages 138-150 and make summary notes http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1gmqoHhRLBE Main Memory (RAM , ROM, BIO...

Lesson 2 – Computer Architecture Hardware basics, discuss memory addressing, students to read pages 138-150 and make summary notes http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1gmqoHhRLBE Main Memory (RAM , ROM, BIOS, and Cache) Random-access memory (RAM) - Used to temporarily store information that the computer is currently working with (typical size 4Gb-8Gb up to 192Gb) - The “random” part of the acronym RAM is derived from the fact that any byte of this memory can be accessed without starting at the first memory location and moving sequentially until the required memory location is found - RAM is constantly being improved (DDR4) Types of RAM DRAM – Dynamic Random Access Memory - Needs to be constantly refreshed or charged - Because it requires constant refreshing it is slower than static RAM (SRAM) - Different types included (EDO DRAM, SDRAM, RDRAM, SLDRAM) SDRAM – Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory CMOS RAM – Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Random Access Memory - Requires very little power to operate (watch battery lasts for years) - Used to store the configuration of the computer SRAM – Static Random Access Memory - Does not need to be constantly refreshed or charged - More complicated to make but much faster than DRAM - Used for caching data (speeds up operations) Form Factors of RAM – RAM is placed on a board so it can be installed into a slot SIMM – Single In-Line Memory Module - At first had 30 pins, later replaced by 72 pins - Used in Apple, 386, 486 , and early Pentium computers DIMM – Dual In-line Memory Module - 172 pin configuration which provides more memory capacity and less space - Used in Power Macs and later Pentiums SO-DIMM – Small Outline Dual In-line Memory Module - 144 pin configuration providing ≈ 256Mb and efficient space use (5x2.5cm) - Used in laptops/notebooks  Read-only memory (ROM) - A permanent type of memory storage used by the computer for important data that does not change  Basic input/output system (BIOS) - A type of ROM that is used by the computer to establish basic communication when the computer is first turned on  Caching - The storing of frequently used data in extremely fast RAM (SRAM) that connects directly to the CPU.  Virtual memory - Space on a hard disk used to temporarily store data and swap it in and out of RAM as needed DDR Ram – Double Data Rate Ram - DDR, DDR1, DDR2, DDR3, DDR4 - Can transfer data twice as fast as regular SDRAM chips. This is because DDR memory can send and receive signals twice per clock cycle Hard disk This is large-capacity permanent storage used to hold information such as programs and documents. Typical sizes range from 500Gb to 1Tb (up to 4Tb). Note: 1 Kb = 1024bytes 1 Mb = 1024KiloBytes 1 Gigabyte = 1024MegaBytes 1 Terabyte = 1024 GigaBytes Motherboard This is the main circuit board that all of the other internal components connect to. The CPU and memory are usually on the motherboard. Other systems may be found directly on the motherboard or connected to it through a secondary connection. For example, a sound card can be built into the motherboard or connected through PCI.  Power supply An electrical transformer regulates the electricity used by the computer. Converts AC to DC (transformer). Steps the voltage down from 120v AC to 12volts, 5 volts, and 3.3 volts (desktop) Operating system This is the basic software that allows the user to interface with the computer. DOS, WINDOWS 3.1, Windows XP, 7, 8, OSX, LINUX, UNIX Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE) Controller - not used today replaced by SATA This is the primary interface for the hard drive, CD-ROM and floppy disk drive. Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) Bus – not used today replaced by PCIe The most common way to connect additional components to the computer, PCI uses a series of slots on the motherboard that PCI cards plug into. SCSI - – not used today replaced by SATA Pronounced "scuzzy," the small computer system interface is a method of adding additional devices, such as hard drives or scanners, to the computer. AGP – still used today being replaced by PCIe Accelerated Graphics Port is a very high-speed connection used by the graphics card to interface with the computer. Sound card This is used by the computer to record and play audio by converting analog sound into digital information and back again. Graphics card This translates image data from the computer into a format that can be displayed by the monitor. Input/Output (I/O) The most common types of I/O in PCs are:  Monitor The monitor is the primary device for displaying information from the computer. Keyboard The keyboard is the primary device for entering information into the computer. Mouse The mouse is the primary device for navigating and interacting with the computer. Printer The primary device used to obtain a hardcopy. Modem A device use to send and receive information over some type of connection (telephone, cable, wireless, etc) Removable Storage Removable storage devices allow you to add new information to your computer very easily, as well as save information that you want to carry to a different location. Floppy disk ???? CD-ROM ???? (compact disc, read-only memory) is a popular form of distribution of commercial software. Many systems now offer CD-R (recordable) and CD-RW (rewritable), which can also record. Flash memory (2Gb-1Tb) Based on a type of ROM called electrically erasable programmable read- only memory (EEPROM), Flash memory provides fast, permanent storage. CompactFlash, SmartMedia and PCMCIA cards are all types of Flash memory. DVD-ROM/ Blue-ray (digital versatile disc, read-only memory) is similar to CD-ROM but is capable of holding much more information. Ports  Parallel ????? This port is commonly used to connect a printer or a scanner. Serial ???? This port is typically used to connect an external modem. Universal Serial Bus (USB) Quickly becoming the most popular external connection, USB ports offer power and versatility and are incredibly easy to use. (USB3.0) Fire wire (IEEE 1394) Firewire is a very popular method of connecting digital-video devices, such as camcorders or digital cameras, to your computer. PREVIEW - Technology assignment Avro Arrow comparison to modern animated https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AjuL9IM-1T0 Avro arrow doc https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-53vzHCcAp4 Avro Arrow CBC movie https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9PMnlnqRex4 https://www.technologyreview.com/lists/technologies/2017/ Self driving truck https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cgRkABa3wLw I robot truck scene https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qhAFWW-p7PQ