Lab 1 General Laboratory PDF

Baghdad College of Medical Sciences 1 stStage / 1 st Semester Lab. 1 M.Sc. Ph. Omar Auday Yousif 2024-2025 Basic Equipments and Instruments used in Chemistry laborato...

Baghdad College of Medical Sciences 1 stStage / 1 st Semester Lab. 1 M.Sc. Ph. Omar Auday Yousif 2024-2025 Basic Equipments and Instruments used in Chemistry laboratory: Balance: It is an instrument for measuring mass. Pipettes: They are used to transfer of known volumes of liquids from one container to another. Common types are shown in the figure: (a) Volumetric or bulb pipette delivers a single fixed volume of liquid. (b) Graduated pipettes are calibrated in convenient units to permit the delivery of any volume up to the maximum capacity  Flasks: There are various types of flasks: Erlenmeyer or Conical Flask: It's used in chemistry labs for titration , as they can hold the contents mixed single-handed leaving the other hand free to add the reagent. Buchner ( Vacuum ) Flask: It's a thick - walled Erlenmeyer flask with a short glass tube , used for filtration of sample under vacuum. Buchner (Vacuum ) Flask Volumetric, Measuring or Graduated , Flask: It is a pear - shaped, with a flat bottom , it's neck is elongated and narrowed with an single etched ring graduation marking. There are different sizes of volumetric flasks which are used for precise dilution and preparation of standard sol- utions. Boiling Flask: They are used for boiling liquids and in dist - illation apparatus. (a) is a round – bottomed boiling flask. (b & c) are multi – necked round – bottomed Boiling flasks. Funnels: Various types of funnels are present: Ordinary Funnel: It's used for filtration and transfer of liquids and powder from one container to another. Buchner Funnel: It's made of porcelain and it has a perforated porcelain plate to support a filter paper. A Buchner funnel is used in conjunction with a filter (vacuum) flask or tube for filtration by suction, ( vacuum filtration ). Separatory Funnel: It is used for separation of two or more immiscible liquids, ( extraction process ). Funnel Support: It is used to support and hold funnels. Stand: It is used to support equipments. Clamp: When attached to the stand, this clamp is used to hold a large glassware above the lab table. Iron Ring: It’s used to support glassware above the lab table. Graduated Cylinder: They are not highly accurate , but they are often used to measure specified quantities of liquids. Beaker: It is of multipurpose and essential in the lab. Beaker is used to hold liquids. Reagent Bottles: They can be used for storage of chemical reagents. Washing Bottle: It's filled with distilled water to wash & clean laboratory glass- wares & rinsing solids out of a container when filtering. Test Tubes: They are widely used by chemists to hold, mix or heat small quantities of solid or liquid chemicals, especially for qualitative assays and experiments. Test Tube Rack: It is used to hold test tubes while reactions happen in them or while they are not needed. Test Tube Holder: It is used to hold test tubes when they are hot & untouchable. Test Tube Brush: Test tube brush is used to easily clean the inside of a test tube. Bunsen Burner: It is used for heating and exposing items to flame. Ring Stand: Ring or tripod stands are used to hold items being heated. Wire Gauze: Wire gauze, when placed between glassware & a heat source , diffuses the heat somewhat and is therefore safer than a direct flame. Spatula: Stainless steel and nickel spatula is used for handling of small quantities of material. Filter Paper: It’s an important filtering medium. Ashless paper is made from cellulose fiber. Watch Glass: It is used to hold solids when being weighed or transported. It can also be used to cover beakers. It should never be heated. Stirring Rod: It is a glass rod used for stirring of liquids. Rubber Policeman: It's a small section of rubber tubing that has been crimp - ed on one end. The open end of the tubing is fitted on to the end of a stirr - ing rod. It is used in chemical lab. to transfer residues of precipitate or solid on glass surfaces when performing gravimetric analysis. Crucible and Cover: Crucibles are used as a container when some – thing requires "strong" heating. Crucible Tong: These tongs are used for picking up crucibles and crucible covers only. Clay Triangle: It’s used to hold crucibles when they are being heated. It usually sit on a ring stand. Reflux Condenser: It's employed for both reflux and for downward distillation. Vacuum Desiccators : Solids which are moist with either water or organic solvents are routinely dried in a vacuum desiccators at room tempera – ture. Burettes: Burettes, like measuring pipettes, make it possible to deliver any volume up to the maximum capacity of the device. The precision attainable with a burette is greater than the precision with a pipette. Burette is used in titrations to measure precisely how much liquid is used. Questions What are the rules that should be followed to prevent contamination of reagents & solutions? What are the general rules of safety working in a chemical laboratory? Referance: Douglas A. Skoog , West , Holler and Crouch, Fundamentals th of Analytical Chemistry, 9 edition, page 14 - 47, 2014.