Stem Cells L8 Outline PDF

Stem cells Specialized cells that continually self divide I generate progeny cells for organ formation and maintenance found in different tissues at ALL stages of life before and after birth Diffent types of stem cells depending on location of the body 1 Embryonic stem cells Very erarly embryos 2 Ad...

Stem cells Specialized cells that continually self divide I generate progeny cells for organ formation and maintenance found in different tissues at ALL stages of life before and after birth Diffent types of stem cells depending on location of the body 1 Embryonic stem cells Very erarly embryos 2 Adult stemcells within tissues ofchildren Potency Stem Cells the potential of cellsdifferenan means how can stern if it can do zoo celltypes Verypotent a cell to differenciate into various cells Totipotency ability to differentiate into ALL celltypes of an organism includes extraembryonic tissues Cyolk Sac aminion morula placenta etc ex a bad ri identical cells Pluripotency ability to differenwate into all 3 germ layers exoderm mesoderm ectoderm D DOES NOT include extraembryonictissue ox ESC's i PSCs etc Any embryo eelltypes no stem cell is better than the other Halitpotency 8 limited ability to differencide into multiple limited cell stypes Ex ftSC's MSC's mostly adult cell types Oligiopotency in a minor subset of multipotencywith limited potential Unipotency Uni I only differenciates into one celltype stem cell for adult potent than stem cell tour embryo less a Twphoblast can produce placenta question for wie MUt r Unipotent cells can be found in adults not pherpotent cells Because they're embryonic cells Embryonic Stem Cells composed of innercellmass and Trophoblast inner cellmass rise to Question can embryo What kind of potency do embryonic stem cells have ESC's will give M 1 only be derived from embryo F SC theonly SCtype to demonstrate producing remain 200 cell types trend within body approximately issues IsVery inefficient ex 12 mice were used to getblasetocytes 92 only 3 became viable IVF morula D Blag.to cyte Pluripotent cells Value of remove inner cellmas transplant to patient ESC's potential ESC's to differenciateinto all functional celltype brain cells heart muscle blood bloodvessels produce insulin skin islet cells t bone cells 3 germlayer g Cproduce ectoderm mesoderm endoderm i Efficiency things can happen potential for benign tumor contamination w other cell types scaling y dedifferentiation Grow entire organs heart kidney liver need to collaborate with engineers Adult stem cells NOT Pluripotent Multipotent good to at Max can be wonpotent be unipotent less cell contamination Derived from CSV2 of brain bone marrow adiopoat Hematopoietic Stem Cells most popular amongAdult SC foundprimarily in bone marrow frm bloodcells needed Ar daily blood turnoverand for fighting infection easy to obtainfrom bonemarrow is stimulation with cytokines G CSF G colony stimulating factor Hematopoietic Stem Cells to be successfully used Hr HSC in therapies were arat bloodtransfusions ukernia and other blood disorders Stem cells need to be able to self renew Haematopoietic stem cells don't like to ahere Mesenchymal stemcells like to adhere if mesenchymal placed on a dish the stem cells will adhere to the bottom or theplate This allows easy separation A for little not a lot youonly want to grow HSC they recognize niche on leukemiapatients I 1 o gnu hide in leukemiapatients Mesenchymalcells well characterized of adult stem cells found together with HSC create bone tendon Carthage fat cells skin nerve cells can be very malleable maintained for long period of time Cnot like HSC c Tumorogenic if not properly watched Very ammendable to manipulation Example cells Adultstem Umbilical cord blood stem cells immediately after Least invasive birth neonatal stemcells Rich Kource of HSC Less mature than adult Seg Non invasive procurement collection i banked notgood orbad Cit's very abundant Does not produce strong graft us Host dream Examples of adult stemcells Brain SVZ subventricular zone Heart Cocardiastemcells theheart can't self Bone marrow Adult stem cells in the niche repair blood cells 2 characteristics between niche I grown in Petri disk Renew indefinitely mature into more specialized organ specificcell AsymmetricDivision characteristics more specified one will retain the stemcell theother daughter cell will produce cell f A difference of in the niche0A outsideniche Somatic Cell Nuclear transfer SCENT of Therapeutic cloning You cannot do embryonic stem cell a personalized Tx with because you need theembryo SENT or Therapeutic Cloning take adult cells and take the nucleus and an egg and put the nucleus in creating arm embryonic stem cell ng generates problems ein w about in can y l e s te 5 6 days be DNA thats not yours DNA from mitochondria sort of inefficient oE Ihicalconcern delimitedsupplyof eggs funded by GOV but donors cannot be compensated Teratoma potential of ESC lines derived because pluripotent stem seed Alternative to ESC's induced Pakipotent cells new generation of stem IPS cells cells Can we go from adult cells to developmental cells You can with minimal set oftranscription factors Used 4 proteins essential for pluripotency Oct 314 50 2 cmy c Kl ft the adult cell became a pluripotent cell Ex Fibroblast Yamanaka factors i PSced BUT ips is not an embryonic stem cell ips is derived from adult cell Still iPS can carry teratoma potential mum anything that i PS vs is Cane iPS as good ESC's all depends on pluripotent as ESC's environment when first made tumor were associated with certain transcription factors C my c protogeneric can becomeoncogenic retroviral sequence in thepast might disrupt other gene Low efficiency in the past but better now Epigantic Memory ips can have memory of original cell whereas the ESL don't have an Epi memory differentated cells toad for adult good for neonatal cells Other methods immature character a modified RNA proteins miRNA I pro ins on RND Anti comparative Analysis Examples iPS stem cells from ALS patients create motor Neurons from iPS they made motor neurons Hips used for to retinal cells to treat macular degradation t Gilia New Concept Trans differentiation No need to reprogram to pluripotent seed A making certain adult stem cells to other use ones different transcription without making it pluripotent tumors A still very early factors 80 no and inefficient shows cardiogente factors They purified fibroblast and use of transcription factors 15J but then with removal of factors would find the best that fit