L7 Emotions PDF

What Is Emotion? (1 of 2) Emotion – an intrapersonal state in response to an internal or external event Four components of emotion: 1. Physiological – changes in bodily arousal o Heart rate, temperature, and respiration 2. Cognitive, feeling – subjective appraisal and interpretation of one’s...

What Is Emotion? (1 of 2) Emotion – an intrapersonal state in response to an internal or external event Four components of emotion: 1. Physiological – changes in bodily arousal o Heart rate, temperature, and respiration 2. Cognitive, feeling – subjective appraisal and interpretation of one’s feelings and environment 1 What Is Emotion? (2 of 2) Four components of emotion: 3. Physical, behavioural – expression of the emotion verbally and non-verbally o Smiling, frowning, whining, laughing, reflecting, slouching 4. Emotional, behavioural – keeping the emotion present (happiness) or removing it (sadness) 2  How are emotions adaptive? Signal important events and direct our attention to them. Fight or flight—keep us alive. Baby’s cry brings parent to his or her side. Social communication—provides observable information about internal states and intentions so emotions influence how others behave towards us. Physiological Changes and Emotion Sympathetic Nervous Body Part Parasympathetic Nervous System or System System Prepares the Body for Returns the Body to Actions Normal State Pupils dilate Eyes Pupils constrict Salivation decreases Mouth Salivation increases Perspires; goose bumps Skin Dries up; no goose bumps Breathing rate increases Lungs Breathing rate decreases Accelerates Heart Slows Adrenal Decrease release of stress Release stress hormones glands hormones Decreased motility Digestion Increased motility Blood vessels constrict; blood Blood vessels dilate; blood Blood sugar increases sugar drops Perspires Palms Dries up Emotion and the autonomic nervous system. 4 Emotional Communication: Msgs w/o Wrds Universality hypothesis: Emotional expressions have the same meaning for everyone; originally proposed by Darwin – People (even those who have never seen a human face) are generally good at judging and creating the same facial expressions. – There are six universal emotions expressed: anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise. Humans all over the globe generally agree that these six faces are displaying anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise. What might account for this widespread agreement? Adapted from Arellano, Varona, & Perales, 2008. Six Basic Emotions Ways to Measure Emotions— Detecting Lies (1 of 2) 1.Behavioural displays of emotion Observe behaviour and facial expressions 2.Self-reports of emotion Widely used but has low validity. Why? 7 Ways to Measure Emotions—Lie Detection (2 of 2) 3.Psychophysiological reactions Face electromyography Heart rate Skin conductance fMRI 8 Functions of Emotions (1 of 2) Cognitive functions Emotions help organize and retrieve memories Prioritize concerns, needs, and goals Guide judgments and help us make decisions Behavioural functions Emotions alter behaviours Action tendencies – emotions are associated with predictable patterns of behaviour that help us adapt and survive 9 Functions of Emotions (2 of 2) Social functions Emotions are the foundation of relationships Emotions help improve relationship quality Helps with empathy and work performance 10 Theories of Emotion (1 of 2) James-Lange Theory – felt emotions result from physiological changes, rather than being their cause Cannon-Bard Theory – the subjective experience of emotion and the activation of the sympathetic nervous system (that is, bodily arousal) occur simultaneously Schachter and Singer’s Two-Factor Theory – an emotional state is a function of both physiological arousal and cognition 11 James-Lange Somatic Theory of Emotion: Body Before Thoughts William James (1842-1910): “We feel afraid because we tremble, sorry because we cry.” The James-Lange theory states that emotion is our conscious  awareness Our body of our arousal physiological happens first, and responses to then the cognitive stimuli. awareness and label for the feeling: “I’m angry.”  According to this theory, if something makes us smile, we may then feel Cannon-Bard Theory: Simultaneous Body Response and Cognitive Experience Adjusting the The Cannon-Bard Cannon-Bard Theory theory asserts that  Emotions are not just we have a a separate mental conscious/cognitive experience. When our experience of an body responses are emotion at the blocked, emotions do same time as our not feel as intense. body is responding,  Our cognitions not afterward. influence our  Human body responses run emotions in many parallel to the ways, including our cognitive responses interpretations of rather than causing stimuli: “Is that a them. threat? Then I’m afraid.” Cognitive-Affective Theories. Schachter- Singer “Two-Factor” Theory: Emotion = Body Plus a Cognitive Label In a study by Stanley The Schachter- Schachter and Jerome Singer “two-factor” Singer in 1962, theory suggests subjects experienced that emotions do a spillover effect not exist until we when arousal was add a label to caused by injections whatever body of what turned out to sensations we are  I face a stranger, be adrenaline. feeling. and my heart is The subjects pounding. Is it fear? interpreted their Excitement? Anger? agitation to whatever Lust? Or did I have emotion the others in too much caffeine? the room appeared to The label completes be feeling; the the emotion. emotional label “spilled over” from others. The Physiology of Emotion Contrary to the claims of the two-factor theory, different emotions do seem to have different underlying patterns of physiological arousal. Anger, fear, and sadness all produce higher heart rates compared to happiness, surprise, and disgust (a). Anger produces a much larger increase in finger temperature than any other emotion (b). Theories of Emotion (2 of 2) 17 Classic Theories of Emotion Other Theories of Emotion (1 of 2) Cognitive-mediational theory – cognitive interpretations, particularly appraisals, of events are the keys to experiences of emotion Developed by Richard Lazarus Cognitive appraisal is a cognitive mediator between environmental stimuli and our reaction to those stimuli 19  Appraisal: Choosing How to View a Questions toSituation ask yourself when facing a possible stressor: Is this a challenge and will I tackle it? Is it overwhelming and will I give up? There are few conditions that are inherently and universally stressful; we can often choose our appraisal and our responses. The exceptions are extreme, chronic physical threats or challenges Survival Function of Emotions (1 of 2) Evolutionary theory – emotions are innate, passed through generations because they are necessary for survival Basic emotions – a group of emotions preprogrammed into all humans regardless of culture 21 Survival Function of Emotions (2 of 2) Survival Situation Emotion Function Fear, terror, Threat Fight, flight anxiety Obstacle Anger, rage Biting, hitting Joy, ecstasy, Courtship, Potential mate excitement mating Loss of valued Sadness, Source: Adapted with permission of John Wiley &grief Crying Sons, Inc., from for help Kowalski, R., & Westen, D. person (2009). Psychology (5th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, p. 361; data from Plutchik, R. (1980). Sudden novel synthesis. New York: HarperStopping, Emotions: A psychoevolutionary & Row. Surprise object attending Evolutionary links between emotion and behaviour in humans and other animals. 22 Emotional Development Figure 12.1 Young infants display a variety of emotional expressions 23  Emotional Development  Basic or primary emotions – Present at birth: interest, distress, disgust, contentment – Emerge between 2 and 7 months: anger, sadness, joy, surprise, fear  Complex emotions – In second year, self-conscious (self- evaluative) emotions emerge: embarrassment, shame, guilt, envy, pride 24  Emotional Development  Emotions and social behaviour – Emotional display rules Suppress and express Take time to master – Emotional self-regulation Harder for boys than for girls Behaviours and language important Positively related to language development 25 Other Theories of Emotion (2 of 2) Facial-feedback theory – subjective experiences of emotion are influenced by sensory feedback from facial muscular activity, or facial efference Facial efference – sensory feedback from facial muscular activity 26 Testing the Facial-Feedback Theory 27  Emotional Communication: Msgs w/o Wrds Facial feedback hypothesis: Emotional expressions can cause the emotional experiences they signify Reuters/Fayaz Aziz Is this man feeling happy or sad? Duchenne Smile Which is the Duchenne (real) smile? 29 Emotion: What Happens in the Brain? No single structure of the brain linked to each of the six basic emotions. Rather, it is the activation of the circuitry between these structures, in addition to the structures themselves, that is critical for our conscious experience of an emotion. 30 The Emotional Brain The amygdala plays an important role in emotion; threat detector – Appraisal: Evaluation of the emotion-relevant aspects of a stimulus – Ledoux: Fast (thalamus  amygdala) and slow (thalamus  cortex  amygdala) pathways of fear in the brain Emotion Recognition and the Amygdala  Detecting Expressive Emotion in  We are primed to Behaviours: PeopleOthers read a great deal of quickly detect emotional content in negative emotions, the eyes and the and even negative faces. emotion words.  Introverts are better  Those who have been at detecting abused are biased emotions; extroverts toward seeing fearful have emotions that faces as angry, as in are easier to read. the test below. These faces morph from fear to anger. Raise your hand when you first see anger under the red box. Emotion Detection and Context Cues  What emotions do you see below? How can you tell what emotions he is feeling?  Because the faces are exactly the same, our detection of emotion must be based on context: the situation, gestures, and the tears. Deceptive Expression Sincere and insincere expressions may ‘leak out. Four features that are more readily observable seem to distinguish between sincere and insincere facial expressions – Morphology (reliable muscles) – Symmetry – Duration – Temporal patterning Crinkle Eyes Can you tell which of the two finalists in the 1986 Miss America pageant just won? Check out their eyes. AP Photo//Raul Demolina Only one woman is showing the telltale “corner crinkle” that signifies genuine happiness. Detecting Lies and Fakes  Polygraphs (detecting Brain signs of physiological arousal) are lying: not that useful at correctly identifying when people are lying.  Visible signs of lying: eye blinks decrease and other facial movements change. In which image is Paul Ekman “lying” with a fake smile?  A real smile uses involuntary muscles around the eyes. What About Positive Emotions? Positive psychology is the study and enrichment of: Positive feelings – happiness, optimism Positive traits – perseverance, wisdom Positive abilities – interpersonal skills Virtues – altruism, tolerance 38 Happiness Levels Around the World (1 of 2) How Much People Enjoy Their Lives as a Whole, on a Scale of 0 to 10 Denmark 7.5 Belize 6.0 Switzerland 7.5 Japan 5.9 Iceland 7.5 Russia 5.9 Norway 7.5 Poland 5.8 Finland 7.4 South Korea 5.8 Canada 7.4 Peru 5.7 Netherlands 7.3 Jamaica 5.5 New Zealand 7.3 Hang Kong 5.5 Australia 7.3 Turkey 5.4 Sweden 7.3 Indonesia 5.3 Israel 7.3 China 5.2 United States 7.1 Morocco 5.2 Costa Rica 7.1 Hungary 5.1 Germany 7.0 Pakistan 5.1 Brazil 7.0 Lebanon 5.1 Belgium 6.9 Portugal 5.1 39  Happiness Levels Around the World (2 of 2) How Much People Enjoy Their Lives as a Whole, on a Scale of 0 to 10 Ireland 6.9 Vietnam 5.1 Luxembourg 6.9 Greece 5.0 Mexico 6.8 Honduras 4.9 Singapore 6.7 Iran 4.8 United Kingdom 6.7 Bangladesh 4.6 France 6.5 Iraq 4.6 Thailand 6.5 India 4.4 Taiwan 6.4 Egypt 4.4 Spain 6.4 Senegal 4.2 Algeria 6.4 Bulgaria 4.2 Bahrain 6.2 Cambodia 3.9 Venezuela 6.1 Uganda 3.7 Malaysia 6.0 Afghanistan 3.4 Italy 6.0 Syria 3.1 Source: Data from Helliwell, John; Layard, Richard; and Sachs, Jeffery (2016). World Happiness Report 2016. Sustainable Development Solutions Network, New York, NY. Retrieved from http://worldhappiness.report/wp- content/uploads/sites/2/2016/03/HR-V1_web.pdf 40 Happiness Happy people tend to be: Optimistic, outgoing, curious, and tender-minded Individuals with high self-esteem, spiritual, goal directed, have a sense of control over their lives Longitudinal study Highly optimistic people had a 55% reduced risk of death and a 23% reduced risk of heart problems 41