Lecture 6 - Tissues I - PDF

Log into iClicker and join today’s session! LECTURE SIX TISSUES I © Dr. Nicole M. Ventura, PhD. © All slides are property of Dr Ventura....

Log into iClicker and join today’s session! LECTURE SIX TISSUES I © Dr. Nicole M. Ventura, PhD. © All slides are property of Dr Ventura. Instructor Assistant Professor, Teaching Stream generated course materials are protected by law and may not be copied or distributed in any form or in any School of Kinesiology & Health Sciences medium without explicit permission of Dr Ventura and/or 3rd party (published texts) where applicable. Faculty of Health, York University LEARNING OBJECTIVES Define the terms TISSUE and HISTOLOGY. Identify and discuss the four types of tissue. Identify, define and discuss the structure, function and components of epithelial tissues – covering/lining epithelium and glandular epithelium. Identify various covering/lining epithelia by their classification. Understand how the structure of each classification contributes to the function. Identify and discuss the structure, composition of, function and various classifications of connective tissue (connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, liquid connective tissue). DEFINITION AND TYPES OF TISSUES TISSUES = a group of cells that have a similar structure and perform a common or related function. HISTOLOGY = the study of tissues; a subset of anatomy (microscopic anatomy) FOUR TYPES OF TISSUE: The covering Help control Govern Provide support or lining of homeostasis movement of for structures of organs and and provide the body. the body. body surfaces. communication. EPITHELIAL TISSUES: 1. COVERING/LINING EPITHELIUM: covers or lines body surfaces (skin) or the walls and organs within body cavities. 2. GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM: forms the https://quizlet.com/90449515/histology-epithelial-tissues-glands-flash-cards/ glands of our body. SIX MAIN FUNCTIONS OF EPITHELIAL TISSUES: 1. Absorption 4. Excretion 2. Protection 5. Filtration 3. Secretion 6. Sensory reception EPITHELIAL TISSUES: Apical Surface: free surface exposed to exterior environment or inner cavity of organ. Microvilli or cilia extend from here. Basal Surface: anchored lower surface Basal Lamina: adhesive sheet beneath the basal surface; joins epithelial tissue to connective tissue. EPITHELIAL TISSUES: Fit closely together to form continuous sheets. High regenerative capacity. Epithelia are avascular but contain an innervation. Epithelia sit upon and are supported by connective tissue. EPITHELIAL TISSUE CLASSIFICATION: SHAPE SQUAMOUS CUBOIDAL COLUMNAR Flat, “squishy” Cube-like column-like appearance appearance, tall Scaly (name) and and thick honeycomb- Absorb nutrients /disc- shaped / produce Absorb nutrients / appearance secretions produce secretions Fast absorption and diffusion, thin membranes EPITHELIAL TISSUE CLASSIFICATION: LAYERING SIMPLE PSEUDOSTRATIFIED STRATIFIED One layer of cells Mostly one layer Multiple layers of Thin = easy for cells things to pass Cells are through (diffusion) different shapes Protection!!! and/or sizes (ie. Absorption / messy!) Regenerate from secretion / basal surface filtration LET’S LOOK AT SOME EXAMPLES IN THE BODY! ALVEOLAR AIR SITE OF GAS SACS IN LUNGS = EXCHANGE VASCULAR CAPILLARY Images adapted from:  LET’S LOOK AT SOME EXAMPLES IN THE BODY! PANCREAS A ESOPHAGUS B Images adapted from:  LET’S LOOK AT SOME EXAMPLES IN THE BODY! A GOBLET CELL CILIA Lumen of trachea GOBLET CELL CILIATED COLUMNAR CELL CILIA B Lumen MICROVILLI MICROVILLI GOBLET GOBLET CELL CELL Images adapted from: HISTOLOGICAL COMPARISON: MICROVILLI VS. CILIA MICROVILLI – “BRUSH BORDER” CILIA  LET’S LOOK AT SOME EXAMPLES IN THE BODY! … also, the type of epithelium that comprises our skin! TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM Images adapted from: For stretch / distension CHECKLIST OF TYPES OF EPITHELIA TO KNOW! 1. SIMPLE SQUAMOUS KNOW THEIR STRUCTURE AND GENERAL FUNCTION! 2. SIMPLE CUBOIDAL 3. SIMPLE COLUMNAR 4. PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR 5. STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS CONSIDER ALSO EPITHELIA THAT ARE: 6. STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL CILIATED 7. STATIFIED COLUMNAR NON-CILIATED (BUT 8. TRANSITIONAL CONTAIN MICROVILLI!) GLANDULAR EPITHELIA GLANDS = one or more cells that make and/or secrete a particular substance ENDOCRINE GLANDS = secrete their products internally (release of hormones, regulatory chemicals, etc.) – we will talk more about the endocrine system in KINE 1102! EXOCRINE GLANDS = release their products onto the surface of epithelial tissue UNICELLUAR = MULTICELLUAR = a single cell; many epithelial cells; scattered within contain secretory epithelial sheets unit/cells + epithelial (ex. Mucous and duct; complex goblet cells) shapes and sizes  TYPES OF EXOCRINE GLANDS Simple: duct does not branch Compound: branching duct … tubular glands tend to be found in the digestive system (stomach) SIMPLE TUBULAR SIMPLE BRANCHED TUBULAR COMPOUND TUBULAR … acinar glands = sweat and mammary glands … tubulo- acinar glands = salivary glands SIMPLE BRANCHED ACINAR COMPOUND ACINAR COMPOUND TUBULOACINAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE Most abundant tissue; helps to reinforce epithelial CTP tissue, highly vascular with a rich blood supply FOUR TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE: Connective tissue proper (CTP) CTP Cartilage Bone Liquid connective tissue (blood & lymph) … will discuss in KINE 1102! FUNCTIONS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE: Binding and supporting Storing reserve fuel Protecting Transporting substances Insulating STRUCTURE OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELL TYPES EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX: GROUND Engulf invading substances SUBSTANCE MACROPHAGES Collagen Primary “blast” cells: create Elastic and secrete ground substance …also, chondroblasts, osteoblasts Reticular FIBROBLAST FIBRES LYMPHOCYTE Type of white blood cell, part of immune system! ADIPOCYTE (fat cell) Capillary MAST CELL Produce histamine, promotes vasodilation NEUTROPHIL Type of white blood cell, part of immune system! …also, plasma cells: produce antibodies CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER Most connective tissues fall into this category. Subcategories: Loose Connective Tissue & Dense Connective Tissue LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE TYPES: LOOSE ADIPOSE LOOSE AREOLAR LOOSE RETICULAR Cell type: adipocytes Cell type: all fibres Cell type: reticular Function: insulation, Function: strength, Function: support, protection elasticity, support filtration Location: subcutaneous Location: subcutaneous Location: liver, spleen, under skin, surrounding under skin lymph nodes organs Image from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=dnEQD-G8o9M CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER Most connective tissues fall into this category. Subcategories: Loose Connective Tissue & Dense Connective Tissue DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE TYPES: DENSE REGULAR DENSE IRREGULAR DENSE ELASTIC Cell type: collagen in Cell type: collagen arranged Cell type: elastic parallel randomly Function: stretch Function: strength, Function: strength Location: lung tissue, support Location: skin, heart, tissues arteries Location: ligaments, around cartilage and bone tendons Image from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=dnEQD-G8o9M  CONNECTIVE TISSUE: CARTILAGE FUNCTIONS OF CARTILAGE: Resists compression (high level of water in matrix), cushions and supports body structures (like skeletal joints of the body) HYALINE CARTILAGE FIBROCARTILAGE ELASTIC CARTILAGE Most common Strongest Withstands movement Collagen & chondrocytes Rows of collagen & / bending Smooth appearance chondrocytes Collagen, “Fibrous looking” chondrocytes, elastin Location: lines skeletal ends of synovial joints, Location: intervertebral Location: external ear ribs, nose, trachea discs, pubic symphysis Image from: Mechanobiological predictions of fetal joint morphogenesis - Scientific Figure on ResearchGate. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/1-Different-types-of-cartilage-A-Hyaline-cartilage-B- fibrocartilage-C-elastic_fig1_291352898 [accessed 23 Sept 2024] CONNECTIVE TISSUE: BONE FUNCTIONS OF BONE: TWO TYPES of BONE: Protection and support Compact bone Enables efficient movement Spongey bone Stores fat Production of blood cells (haemopoiesis) Spongey (trabecular) bone Medullary Canal/Cavity CELLS OF BONE: osteocytes, osteoblasts, Compact bone osteoclasts Rohen’s. Anatomy A Photographic Atlas, 8ed. (2020) LIQUID CONNECTIVE TISSUE: BLOOD Blood consists of cells and cell fragments (formed elements) suspended in extracellular matrix (plasma). COMPONENTS OF BLOOD: PLASMA PLATELETS WHITE BLOOD CELLS (LEUKOCYTES) RED BLOOD CELLS (ERYTHROCYTE) Image from: https://bio.l ibretext s.org/Bookshelves/Introduct ory_and_General _Biol ogy/General_Bi ology_%28Boundl ess%29/33%3A_The_Anim al_Body-_Basic_Form_and_Funct ion/33.09%3A_Animal_Primary _Tissues_ -__Bone_Adipose_and_Blood_Connective_Tissues LIQUID CONNECTIVE TISSUE: LYMPH LYMPH = “CLEAR WATER: Components of lymph: Heart Interstitial fluid, Lymph cellular debris, plasma Node Capillary Bed proteins, bacteria, lymphocytes, other Lymphoid tissue cells. containing Interstitial Fluid macrophages & Cells lymphocytes Lymphatic vessel Lymphatic Capillary