L6 Animal Tissues.pdf

Lesson 6 Structures and Functions of Animal Cells General Biology 11/2 Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics The shape of an airplane is similar to the general form of a bird. 2 The shape of a boat resembles that of a fish....

Lesson 6 Structures and Functions of Animal Cells General Biology 11/2 Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics The shape of an airplane is similar to the general form of a bird. 2 The shape of a boat resembles that of a fish. 3 4 5 Are the structure and functions of the components that make up an organism’s body related to each other? 6 Learning Competency At the end of the lesson, you should be able to do the following: Classify different cell types (plant/animal tissues) and specify the function(s) of each (STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c-4). 7  Learning Objectives At the end of the lesson, you should be able to do the following: Describe the hierarchy of the biological organization. Differentiate animal cell types based on their structures and functions. 8  Hierarchy of Biological Organization In complex multicellular organisms like animals, cells come in different structures and functions—they differ in terms of shapes and sizes, and they also have specialized functions. All organisms are made up of at least one cell. 9 Why is the cell considered as the basic unit of life? 10  Hierarchy of Biochemical Organization The hierarchy of biological organization includes the assemblage of life from the smallest biomolecules to the interacting ecosystems of the biosphere. 11  Type of Animal Tissues Tissues These refer to groups of cells that are similar in structure and function. The four types of tissues in animals vary significantly in structure and function. 12  Type of Animal Tissues Epithelial Tissue Structure of Epithelial Tissues Epithelial tissue or epithelium is a type Connective Tissue of animal tissue that forms the inner and outer lining of organs, the Muscular Tissue covering in surfaces, and the primary glandular tissue of the body. Nervous Tissue 13  Type of Animal Tissues simple squamous simple cuboidal simple columnar Epithelial Tissue No. of layers Epithelial tissues Examples Functions Connective Tissue and shape of cells Muscular Tissue site of one layer air sacs or diffusion or alveoli, exchange of flat, scale- capillary Nervous Tissue substances; like walls secretion 14  Type of Animal Tissues simple squamous simple cuboidal simple columnar Epithelial Tissue No. of layers Epithelial tissues Examples Functions Connective Tissue and shape of cells Muscular Tissue glands and one layer their ducts, absorption ovaries, and cube- and lining Nervous Tissue secretion shaped of kidney tubules 15  Type of Animal Tissues simple squamous simple cuboidal simple columnar Epithelial Tissue No. of layers Epithelial tissues Examples Functions Connective Tissue and shape of cells Muscular Tissue absorption one layer walls of and the gastro- secretion; intestinal elongated tract and contains Nervous Tissue or column- goblet cells body that secrete shaped cavities mucus 16  Type of Animal Tissues pseudostratified stratified stratified stratified columnar squamous cuboidal columnar Epithelial Tissue No. of layers and Epithelial tissues Examples Functions Connective Tissue shape of cells absorption and Muscular Tissue secretion; one layer the lining usually ciliated; of the cells have elongated respiratory unequal length or column- tract and position of Nervous Tissue nucleus forming shaped a false layering of cells  Type of Animal Tissues pseudostratified stratified stratified stratified columnar squamous cuboidal columnar Epithelial Tissue No. of layers Epithelial tissues Examples Functions Connective Tissue and shape of cells Muscular Tissue more than the protection one epidermis, against layer lining of abrasion or mouth, constant Nervous Tissue esophagus, exposure to flat, scale- like and vagina friction 18  Type of Animal Tissues pseudostratified stratified stratified stratified columnar squamous cuboidal columnar Epithelial Tissue No. of layers Epithelial tissues Examples Functions Connective Tissue and shape of cells Muscular Tissue more than sweat glands, one salivary protection layer glands, and Nervous Tissue and secretion cube- mammary shaped glands 19  Type of Animal Tissues pseudostratified stratified stratified stratified columnar squamous cuboidal columnar Epithelial Tissue No. of layers Epithelial tissues Examples Functions Connective Tissue and shape of cells Muscular Tissue more than one male layer urethra protection and ducts and Nervous Tissue elongated of some secretion or column- glands shaped 20  Connective Tissues Epithelial Tissue Connective Tissue Muscular Tissue Nervous Tissue The basic components of connective tissues vary according to their type (left, extracellular matrix; right, fibers). 21  Connective Tissues Epithelial Tissue Connective Tissue Muscular Tissue Nervous Tissue The different connective tissues vary with the composition of their extracellular matrices and the types of cells they consist of. 22  Connective Tissues Epithelial Tissue Connective Description Examples Functions Tissues Connective Tissue layers of a very Bone or hard matrix with protection osseous skull and Muscular Tissue calcium salts and tissue ribs and collagen support fibers Nervous Tissue 23 Bone layers of a very hard matrix with calcium salts and collagen fibers 24  Connective Tissues Epithelial Tissue Connective Description Examples Functions Tissues Connective Tissue more flexible hyaline matrix than cartilage protection Cartilage bone fibro Muscular Tissue and cartilage cells cartilage support called elastic chondrocytes cartilage Nervous Tissue 25 Cartilage 26  Connective Tissues Connective Epithelial Tissue Description Examples Functions Tissues Matrix is Connective Tissue predominantly Dense made up of connective collagen fibers or dense tendon Muscular Tissue and has lesser support fibrous ligament cells. tissue This is a fibroblast or a Nervous Tissue fiber-forming cell. 27 Tendon and Ligament 28  Connective Tissues Epithelial Tissue Connective Description Examples Functions Tissues Matrix Connective Tissue contains more cells protection, Loose and lesser adipose insulation, Muscular Tissue connective fibers than tissue or storage, tissue dense fat tissue and connective support Nervous Tissue tissue so it is softer. 29 Adipose tissue 30  Connective Tissues Epithelial Tissue Connective Description Examples Functions Tissues plasma Connective Tissue Cellular transport components consist of of blood cells. blood substance, Muscular Tissue Blood with fibers that are blood immune only visible during cells response, clotting because and blood Nervous Tissue they are made up of clotting soluble proteins 31  Connective Tissues Epithelial Tissue Connective Tissue Muscular Tissue Nervous Tissue The types of muscle tissues differ in their general structure but more or less perform the same function, i.e., to elicit movement. 32 Skeletal Muscle 33  Connective Tissues Epithelial Tissue Muscular Muscle Location Description Tissues Control long, Connective Tissue cylindrical, striated (with Skeletal attached to visible stripes), Muscular Tissue muscle the skeleton and voluntary or bones multinucleated (with more than one Nervous Tissue nucleus) 34  Connective Tissues Epithelial Tissue Muscular Muscle Location Description Tissues Control Connective Tissue found in the made up of walls of hollow nonstriated, Smooth organs such uninucleated, as intestines, Muscular Tissue muscle and spindle- involuntary stomach, shaped (have bladder, blood pointed ends) vessels, and cells. Nervous Tissue uterus 35  Connective Tissues Epithelial Tissue Muscular Muscle Location Description Tissues Control Connective Tissue uninucleated (one nucleus) Cardiac and has found in the striations Muscular Tissue muscle involuntary heart has intercalated Nervous Tissue disks 36  Connective Tissues Epithelial Tissue Connective Tissue Muscular Tissue Nervous Tissue Neuron, the basic unit of the nervous system, consists of structures that can conduct electrochemical signals as a form of information. 37  Connective Tissues Epithelial Tissue Nervous Tissues Location Function These are star- Connective Tissue shaped cells that support and control the chemical environment Muscular Tissue CNS around the neurons. Astrocytes These are the most Nervous Tissue abundant glial cell in the CNS. 38  Connective Tissues Epithelial Tissue Nervous Tissues Location Function Connective Tissue These are ovoid cells in the CNS that can transform into a Muscular Tissue CNS phagocytic macrophage to clean neuronal Microglial cells debris and wastes. Nervous Tissue 39  Connective Tissues Nervous Tissues Location Function Epithelial Tissue These are ciliated cells that line the central cavities of Connective Tissue the brain and the spinal cord and form a fairly permeable CNS Muscular Tissue membrane between the Ependymal cells cavities with cerebrospinal fluid Nervous Tissue and the tissues of CNS. 40  Connective Tissues Epithelial Tissue Nervous Tissues Location Function Connective Tissue These are responsible for the Muscular Tissue CNS production of the myelin sheath. Oligodendrocytes Nervous Tissue 41  Connective Tissues Epithelial Tissue Nervous Tissues Location Function Connective Tissue They surround all the nerve fibers and Muscular Tissue PNS produce myelin sheath similar to the oligodendrocytes. Schwann cells Nervous Tissue 42 Nervous Tissue Bellisi’s team found that after an undisturbed sleep, astrocytes appeared to be active in around 6 per cent of the synapses in the brains of the well-rested mice. But astrocytes seemed to be more active in sleep-deprived mice – those that had lost eight hours of sleep showed astrocyte activity in around 8 per cent of their synapses, while the cells were active in 13.5 per cent of the synapses of the chronically sleep-deprived animals. This suggests that sleep loss can trigger astrocytes to start breaking down more of the brain’s connections and their debris. “We show for the first time that portions of synapses are literally eaten by astrocytes because of sleep loss,” says Bellesi. 43 Remember The structure and form of the tissues in animals are always related to their functions. Epithelial tissues are made up of tightly packed cells because they cover and protect bodily structures. Connective tissues are characterized by the presence of ground substances and fibers that support, bind, and protect organs. 44 Remember Muscular tissues are made up of highly specialized cells that contract to cause movement. Lastly, nervous tissues mainly contain networks of nerve cells that possess irritability and conductivity to allow the transmission and reception of electrochemical impulses. 45  Let’s Sum It Up! There are different levels of biochemical organization, and these include the following (lowest to highest): chemical, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere. Animals have four types of tissue: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue. They all differ significantly in structures and functions. 46  Let’s Sum It Up! Epithelial tissue is composed of tightly packed cells that cover, line, and protect the body part. It can be classified based on cell arrangement (simple, stratified, pseudostratified) and cell shape (squamous, cuboidal, columnar). 47  Let’s Sum It Up! Connective tissue is made up of cells and an extracellular matrix that connects, protects, and supports body parts. Bone, cartilage, dense connective tissue, loose connective tissue, and blood are the types of connective tissue. 48  Let’s Sum It Up! Muscular tissue is composed of highly specialized muscle cells that contract to produce movement. It has three types: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles. Nervous tissue is made up of neurons that receive and conduct electrochemical signals and supporting cells (glial cells) that support, protect, and insulate neurons. 49