L2 Cell structure and Basic tissue types.pdf

Cell structure & Basic tissue types Dr. Shajiya Sarwar Moosa Department of Anatomy College of Medicine Wednesday, Sep...

Cell structure & Basic tissue types Dr. Shajiya Sarwar Moosa Department of Anatomy College of Medicine Wednesday, September 4, 2024  00:03 Lecture Objectives  Outline the internal organisation of the cell and its relationship to function.  Review the 4 basic tissue types. Wednesday, September 4, 2024 PresentationBiology title of Cells  00:03 The standard textook diagram of a ‘typical’ cell Wednesday, September 4, 2024 Presentation title  00:03 Liver cell : very complex dense packaging of internal components Nucleus with DNA for genetic code Cytoplasm with “machinery” for metabolism Wednesday, September 4, 2024 Presentation title  00:03 The Cell Nucleus It is the command centre containing the genetic code Wednesday, September 4, 2024 Presentation title  Components of the Nucleus The nucleus consists of the following:  Nuclear Him envelope  Chromatin  A nucleolus  Nucleoplasm Wednesday, September 4, 2024 Presentation title  00:03 Nucleus  Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear envelope – Consists of double layer of membrane – Nuclear pores permit exchange between nucleoplasm & cytoplasm  Contains chromatin in semifluid nucleoplasm – Chromatin contains DNA of genes, and proteins – Condenses to form chromosomes  Dark nucleolus composed of rRNA – Produces subunits of ribosomes Wednesday, September 4, 2024 Presentation title  00:03 Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum is a membrane compartment for protein synthesis Wednesday, September 4, 2024 Presentation title  00:03 Massive quantity of rER is for synthesis of proteins. In this plasma cell this organelle is needed to make ANTIBODIES which are proteins Wednesday, September 4, 2024 Presentation title  00:03 Rough ER Wednesday, September 4, 2024 Presentation title  00:03 Ribosomes  Are the site of protein synthesis in the cell  Composed of rRNA  Consists of a large subunit and a small subunit  Subunits made in nucleolus  May be located: On the endoplasmic reticulum or Free in the cytoplasm, either singly or in groups, called polyribosomes Wednesday, September 4, 2024 Presentation title  00:03 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is a membrane compartment for steroid hormone synthesis or roman detoxification of drugs Wednesday, September 4, 2024 Presentation title  00:03 Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Wednesday, September 4, 2024 Presentation title  00:03 The Golgi apparatus Wednesday, September 4, 2024 Presentation title  00:03 Golgi apparatus; membranes and vesicles used for sorting, modifying and transport of macromolecules, particularly for secretion Wednesday, September 4, 2024 Presentation title  00:03 Mitochondrion makes ATP which serves as energy source for chemical/mechanical work is Abundant in heart muscle and sperm tail Wednesday, September 4, 2024 Presentation title  00:03 Lysosomes formed by Golgi and contain enzymes to breakdown unwanted / foreign ingested material stop Wednesday, September 4, 2024 Presentation title  Classifications of Surface Epithelium Number of Layers – Simple – one layer of cells – Stratified – more than one layer of cells Wednesday, September 4, 2024 Presentation title  Classifications of Surface Epithelium Shape of Cells – Squamous – cells are flat, “scale” like – Cuboidal– cells are as wide as tall, as in cubes – Columnar – cells are taller than they are wide, like columns Wednesday, September 4, 2024 Presentation title  Simple (One Layer) Squamous Epithelium e.g. it forms lining of blood vessels (endothelium) and serous lining of the body cavities as pericardium, pleura and peritoneum (mesothelium). It also lines the alveoli of the lungs Blood vessel lining  Simple Cuboidal Epithelium e.g. ducts of glands, follicles of the thyroid gland, tubules of the kidney Kidney tubules Wednesday, September 4, 2024 Presentation title  Simple Columnar Epithelium Gall bladder Stomach lining  Stratified squamous Epithelium The shape of the cells Two types: which form the surface of Stratified squamous the epithelium gives the keratinized epithelium name to the epithelium. (epidermis) Skino S Stratified squamous non- keratinized (mouth, esophagus, vagina) Functions include: protection, barrier, resist abrasion Wednesday, September 4, 2024  Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium (e.g. ducts of sweat glands, esophageal, salivary gland): 24 Wednesday, September 4, 2024 PresentationPresentation title title  Stratified Columnar Epithelium (e.g. ducts of mammary gland, penile urethra) 25 Wednesday, September 4, 2024 Presentation title Wednesday, September 4, 2024 Presentation title  Connective Tissue Wednesday, September 4, 2024 Presentation title  General characteristics of Connective tissues Specialized to physically support and connect other tissues and maintain the water required for metabolite diffusion to and from cells. Consists primarily of extracellular matrix (ECM) rather than cells*. The ECM comprises of different combinations of:  Protein fibers  Ground substance. Ground substance is rich in glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and water Wednesday, September 4, 2024 Presentation title  Connective Tissue Cells  Fibroblasts  Macrophages  Plasma Cells  Mast Cells  Adipocytes Fibroblasts: Secrete I mmedarmonth both fibers and ground substance of the matrix 29 Wednesday, September 4, 2024 Presentation title  Classification of Connective Tissues Connective Tissue Proper  Loose (Areolar)  Dense: Irregular and Regular arespatesi.it There are.no there s paces Specialized Connective Tissue (AB2C+R)  to Adipose (unilocular & multilocular)  Reticular  Cartilage  Bone  Blood Wednesday, September 4, 2024 Presentation title  Loose Connective Tissues  It is delicate, flexible and contains all constituents of connective tissue. a  Sites: between muscles and form fascia that binds organ together Wednesday, September 4, 2024 Presentation title  Dense Connective Tissues A- dense regular CT: collagen bundles arranged in regular pattern. Fibroblasts arranged in rows. The best examples are the tendon and ligament. B- dense irregular CT: collagen bundles are in different directions. It is found in dermis of skin. Wednesday, September 4, 2024 Presentation title Wednesday, September 4, 2024 Presentation title  Dense Regular CT = Tendon Parallel bundles of collagen (pink) with aligned fibroblasts Wednesday, September 4, 2024 Presentation title  Adipose CT 1. Unilocular (white) adipose tissue 2. Multilocular (brown) adipose tissue: mostlyforchildren Wednesday, September 4, 2024 Presentation title  Blood is a type of Connective Tissue. It is derived from mesoderm giving bone marrow. Thebeginning ofbloodformation Erythrocytes Leukocytes The cell component is obvious [Red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC)], the matrix is liquid i.e, the plasma (dissolved proteins in water) Wednesday, September 4, 2024 Presentation title  Cartilage: Cells + Collagen Fibres + Protein Matrix + Water There are 3 types of cartilage 1 Hyaline Covers ends of articulating bones, trachea Larynx Fibrous to n discs In Intervertebral high Elastic Ear, epiglottis, auditory tubes Wednesday, September 4, 2024 Presentation title  What does cartilage matrix look like? they secrete cartilage matrix: its cells are collagen fibers, proteins, and have chondrocytes high water content Wednesday, September 4, 2024 Presentation title  Hyaline cartilage is found in the trachea and bronchi Resists compression and keeps airways open Trachea bronchus JB incomplete rings of cartilage Wednesday, September 4, 2024 Presentation title  BONE: cells + mineralised collagen fibres + matrix Cells called osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts spongy dense/compact Wednesday, September 4, 2024 Presentation title  Bone Histology  Bone matrix if thfrewiiibmef.fm eenfYexthfe.bone m 45 – Organic: Collagen type I and proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins. 65 – Inorganic: calcium and phosphorus in form of crystals. Itgiveshimstrengthandsolidity  Bone cells - Osteoprogenitor (osteogenic) cells. – Osteoblasts immature beforedevelopment – Osteocytes maturebonecells – Osteoclasts if thepercentage ofcalciumandphosphorus decreta d97 8 21 9s pfib bealge 41 Wednesday, September 4, 2024 Presentation title  Bone Matrix 42 Wednesday, September 4, 2024 Presentation title  Muscle Tissue Wednesday, September 4, 2024 Presentation title  Types of Muscle Tissue 1. Cardiac 2. Skeletal 3. Smooth (visceral) Wednesday, September 4, 2024 Presentation title  Smooth Muscle Spindle-shaped cells Single nucleus centrally located Nonstriated and involuntary Examples of location: blood vessels and glands, GIT, lower respiratory tract Wednesday, September 4, 2024 Presentation title  Cardiac Muscle Cylindrical with collateral branches Normally a single, centrally located nucleus with intercalated discs Involuntary and autorhythmic Wednesday, September 4, 2024 Presentation title  Skeletal Muscle Elongated cylinders up to 30 cm long Most common muscle tissue in body Striated due to organization of filaments within cells (sarcomeres) Multiple nuclei lie peripherally just deep to cell membrane Voluntary movements Wednesday, September 4, 2024 Presentation title  Nervous Tissue Wednesday, September 4, 2024 Presentation title  00:03 Nervous Tissue It is structurally made up of: 1. nerve cells or neurons 2. glial cells or neuroglia, which support and protect neurons, and participate in neural activity, neural nutrition, and defense processes of CNS. 49 Wednesday, September 4, 2024 Presentation title  00:03 The Neuron Able to:  Receive information – signals from external or internal sources  Process and integrate these signals  Conduct nerve impulses (action potentials) to designated target tissues such as other neurons, muscles and glands 50 Wednesday, September 4, 2024 Presentation title  00:03 A typical neuron consists of  Cell body (soma, perikaryon)  Multiple dendrites  One axon 51 Wednesday, September 4, 2024 Presentation title  00:03 Cell Body of a Neuron axon nucleus dendrites Wednesday, September 4, 2024 Presentation title 52  00:03 Wednesday, September 4, 2024 Presentation title Wednesday, September 4, 2024 Presentation title