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South Valley University Faculty of Physical Therapy Lectures in Medical Education For First Year – Physical Therapy students’...

South Valley University Faculty of Physical Therapy Lectures in Medical Education For First Year – Physical Therapy students’ Semester 1 Lecturer Dr. Nagwa Yassin M. Ismail Department of Curricula & Instruction Qena Faculty of Education 2023-2024  Table of Content Chapter Page. 3 Chapter I: Definitions of Education, Learning, and Curriculum Chapter II: Foundations, Designs, and Models of Curriculum 16 Chapter III: Planning for Teaching & Learning Outcomes. 23 Chapter IV: Selecting Content & Learning experience in Curriculum 32 Chapter V: Teaching Methods & Patient Centered Education 38 Chapter VI: Problem-based Learning Education 43 Chapter VII: Curriculum Evaluation 52 References 59 2  Chapter I Definitions of Education, Learning, and Curriculum 3  Education and Learning What is Education? - Education can be described as the acquisition of knowledge through a process of receiving or giving systematic instruction. Education is an essential factor to the progress of a society, and it is compulsory in most countries up to a certain age. Education is also considered to be a basic human right. - Education often takes place under the guidance of instructors and teachers. Education is often considered to be formal. Formal education takes place in a structured environment; multiple students are educated under a certified, trained teacher in one classroom. - It is a formal education, i.e. primary, secondary and tertiary education. In all these formal settings, there is a set curriculum, and the students are taught by an educator. The students might not be really interested in what they are being taught, but they study and memorize the lessons in order to get marks and pass the exams. It has an extrinsic value to the students. 4 What is Learning? - Learning can be defined as the acquisition of knowledge behaviors, skills, values, or preferences. Learning can occur through education, personal development, schooling, training or experience. It can occur consciously and unconsciously. - Learning is not limited to a certain age or period in life; we learn throughout our lives. Learning is not listening and accepting what we are taught, but understanding and experiencing them. - It is an important to notice that not only humans have the ability to learn, but animals, plants, and even some machines also have the ability to learn. A person is interested in learning when he is prompted by curiosity and intrinsic motivation. 5  ‫ﻣﮭم‬ Difference Between Education and Learning: Difference Education Learning Definition Education is the process of Learning is the acquisition of receiving or giving knowledge or skills through systematic instruction, study, experience, or being especially at a formal setting. taught. Knowledge In education, knowledge is In learning, knowledge is gained through a teacher or a gained through various textbook. sources. Guidance Education frequently takes Learning does not require an place under the guidance of educator or guidance. an educator. Motivation Education is prompted by Learning is prompted by extrinsic motivation. intrinsic motivation. Process Education is a systematic Learning is not a systematic process. process. Age Education is received up to a Learning is not limited by certain age. age. 6  ‫ﻣﻘرر‬ Relationship between curriculum and syllabus in general Introduction The word, ‘curriculum’ is derived from the Latin word "Currere." Currere means torun / to proceed. The word refers to the ‘course of deeds and experiences through which children grow to become mature adults’(Hlebowitsh, 2004). Curriculum is thus, a well- defined and prescribed course of studies which students must complete for them to pass a given level of education. It is a predetermined subject matter in a planned sequence of experiences leading to certifiable completion. Curriculum is the base for the learning outcomes and activities through which the teaching and learning process moves in advance. Concepts of Curriculum There are two concepts of curriculum ▪ Traditional Concept of Curriculum ▪ Modern Concept of Curriculum ▪ Traditional Concept of Curriculum In the past, curriculum was “course of studies”. This term was considered to be a program related to various subjects only. However, the terms “Curriculum” and “courses of studies” were, sometimes interchangeable but used in a very limited sense. As a matter of fact, this viewpoint was a static-view which emphasized only the text- book knowledge or factual information. In those it was correct because the main objective of education was to help the learner to memorize the contents. Furthermore, curriculum was a body of preserved factual knowledge to be transmitted from the ‫ﯾﺗﯾﻘن‬ ‫ﺣﻔظ‬ ‫ﺗﻣرﯾن ﺳرد‬ teacher to the pupils and mastered by them through memorization, recitation and drill; and to be reproduced on the demand of the teacher. 7  in traditional concept In the traditional system of education, the teacher was expected to train his pupils for realizing the aim of education ‘by leading them through the curriculum, prescribed in the purpose’. So, the term ‘curriculum’ came to signify a group of subjects or courses of study arranged in a particular sequence, for instructional purposes in schools. In olden days life was simple and the needs of the society were also not very complicated and numerous. So only a few subjects in the curriculum were considered synonymous with academic subjects of instruction. Modern Concept of Curriculum With the passage of time, the traditional concept of curriculum (which was limited in scope) was replaced by a dynamic and modern concept. Hence, it is now considered to be a broad cumulative and comprehensive term including all the curricular and co- curricular activities. It is the totality of all the learning activities to which we are exposed during study, i.e. class room experiences, laboratory, library, play grounds, school building, study tours, associations with parents and community. Now, it is more than the text -books and more than the subject matter selected for a particular class. Modern curriculum covers all the wider areas of individual and group life. It encompasses all the meaning and desirable activities outside the school provided that these are planned, organized and used educationally. As such, curriculum is something more than textbooks, more than the subject matter, and even more than the courses of study. It is now viewed as a pursuit with no rigidly fixed goal, rather a ‘race’ in which the goal and the course, leading to that goal, are both fixed in advance. Narrow and Broader Meaning of Curriculum The concept of curriculum is as dynamic as the changes that occur in society. In its narrow sense, curriculum is viewed merely as a listing of subject to be taught in 8 school. In a broader sense, it refers to the total learning experiences of individuals not only in schools but in society as well. In its narrow sense, curriculum means the plan reach the aims and objectives of education. It is restricted to classroom activities concentrating on the study of a few subjects in a major field of study. It is just a tool to achieve the aim of teaching a subject. It is limited to classroom activity; It emphasis teaching subjects; It works to produce certificate and degree; It develops only mental ability; and It is more under teacher and administrative control. In its broader sense, curriculum means not only the study of academic subjects traditionally taught in schools, but also includes the sum total of all experiences that a pupil receives through the manifold activities in a school. It includes total experiences given by manifold activities; Includes both curricular and co-curricular activities; It works to develop the personality of the child; It has a more creative and forward outlook; and It is child-centered Thus, the term curriculum in recent years has come to mean all the planned activities and experiences available to the student under the direction of the school. Curriculum is dynamic and changes according to the needs of the pupil and society. The curriculum offered by a school to students should not be simply a collection of separate bits of information and unrelated experiences. Schools need to be concerned with a ‘total curriculum’. There must be vertical and horizontal organization of the curriculum elements. To achieve the objectives of education, teacher need to employ suitable instructional methods and procedures. But this he can do only when he knows what 9  efforts he is to make and in what order. In other words, he should know the aspects of curriculum which consists of subjects, activities and experiences in the properly graded form. Curriculum is in fact the warp and woof of the completely educational process. Some definitions of curriculum: Following are the definitions of Curriculum given by some authors Saylor : "Curriculum is a plan for providing sets of learning opportunities for persons to be educated." Pratt : "Curriculum is an organized set of formal education and/or training intentions." Wiles and Bondi : "Curriculum is a plan for learning whereby objectives determine what learning is important." Wheeler: "Curriculum is the planned experiences offered to the learners under the guidance of the school." Oliva (1982) stated that “Curriculum is a plan or program for all experiences which the learner encounters under the direction of the school.” Carter V. Good: “Curriculum is a body of prescribed educative experiences under school supervision designed to provide the individual with the best possible training and experiences to fit him for the society of which he is a pan and to qualify him for a trade or profession.” Main points in Concepts of Curriculum: The concepts of curriculum are described with the help of following points: 1) Curriculum is experience: It is obvious, that the aim of curriculum is to provide experience to the student so that he may achieve complete development. 10  2) Curriculum is means or tools: The educator is compared to an artist and the curriculum as one of the instruments or tools used by him to develop the student according to and in conformity with the aims of education. 3) Curriculum is environment: In modern times, this term is interpreted in this more liberal sense because there is no questioning the fact that the child’s education is influenced by not only books, but the playgrounds, library, laboratory, reading room, extracurricular programs the educational environment and a host of other factors. 4) Curriculum involves all activities: In the light of the various definitions of curriculum given above, it is possible to arrive at a definition of the terms which includes all the points mentioned in these definitions. Briefly, the curriculum is the means of achieving the goals of education. SCOPE OF CURRICULUM: Curriculum, is therefore, very comprehensive in its scope. It touches all aspects of the life of the pupils- the need and interest of the pupils, environment which should be educationally congenial to them, ways and manners in which their interests can be handled and warmed up, the procedures and approaches which cause effective learning among them, the social efficiency of the individuals and how they fit in with the community around. It is intimately related with the individual as a member of the society. It embodies the educational philosophy, the values which it aims to achieve, the purposed it wants philosophy, the values it aims to achieve purposes it wants to realize and the specific goals that it wants to achieve. The emphasis is on the child. In the total education of the child, all the subjects’ likes history, geography, science and language are but tools. These are the means, and therefore, the children must not be made to fit in such study. 11