Introduction to Structures PDF

Introduction to structures Structural elements and construction materials Structural elements are used in structural analysis to split a complex structure for simplification....

Introduction to structures Structural elements and construction materials Structural elements are used in structural analysis to split a complex structure for simplification. Structural elements can be linear, surfaces or volumes. 1. Bars or Rods Bars can be categorized into different kind of members by considering their structural action and type of load carried. By: Dr. (Mrs.) Nirosha Malkanthi 1 2 1 2 STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS b) Compression member or strut: a) Tension members: structural structural members subjected to axial elements that are subjected to axial tensile compression or compressive forces forces. Examples of tension members are bracing for buildings and bridges, truss members, and cables in suspended roof systems c) Flexural member or beam: A member of a structure that is subjected to both tension and compression within its depth can be called as a flexural member 3 4 3 4 1  d) Torsional member: torsion is twisting of a rod or beam due to an applied torque 2. Plates: structural element which is characterized by a three-dimensional solid whose thickness is very small when compared with other dimensions a d b Turning Torso- Malmo, 5 6 Sweden 5 6 3. Shells 4. Blocks 7 8 7 8 2  Major types of Structures Bridges Buildings and towers Dams Roads Retaining structures Offshore structures Water and wastewater infrastructure 9 10 9 10 11 12 11 12 3  Common Building Components 13 14 13 14 Super Structure Substructure The superstructure is that part of the building which is  The substructure is the lower portion of the building, above the ground and which serves the purpose of which is located below ground level which transmits building’s intended use. In includes; the load of the superstructure to the sub soil.  Plinth  It includes Foundations  Wall and columns  Beams  Arches  Roofs and slabs  Lintel and arches  Parapet  Steps and stair 15 16 15 16 4  Different Types Of Buildings Classification based on structure Buildings are classified based upon its occupancy and structure.  Load bearing Structure: In this type of structures loads Building are classified based upon occupancy as; from roof slab or trusses and floors are transmitted through walls to the firm soil below the ground.This  Residential Building type of structures are adopted where hard strata are  Educational Building available at shallow depth. The structural elements like  Institutional Building beams, slabs rests directly on the walls.  Assembly building  Business buildings  Mercantile buildings  Industrial Buildings  Storage buildings  Hazardous buildings 17 18 17 18 Classification based on structure Load Bearing Structure  Framed structure: Reinforced cement concrete structures are the most common type of construction today. They consist of a skeleton of beams & columns. The load is transferred from beams to the columns and column intern transfer the load directly to the sub soil through footing. Framed structures are suitable for multi-storey building subjected to variety of extreme loads like compressive, tensile torsion, shear along with moment.  The open spaces in the skeleton are to be filled with brick walls or glass panels. 19 20 19 20 5  Framed Structure Types of Loads Various loads are taken into account while designing the foundation of a structure.  Dead loads;  Live load;  Wind loads;  Earthquake loads;  Erection loads 21 22 21 22 6