Introduction to Immunology PDF

Introduction to Immunolgy 2021 | sarahfazalul by Dr Sarah Fazalul  LEARNING OBJECTIVES At the end of the topic, students would be able to explain the components of the immune syste...

Introduction to Immunolgy 2021 | sarahfazalul by Dr Sarah Fazalul  LEARNING OBJECTIVES At the end of the topic, students would be able to explain the components of the immune system in term of: the lymphoid organs and their roles, cells in the immune system and their main roles, soluble mediators that involve in the immune response and their roles. 2021 | sarahfazalul  Immunity Immune System Immune Response Immunology 2021 | sarahfazalul  Why it is important for the pharmacist to learn immunology? Drugs inducing specific immune responses Immunology Drugs regulating immunologic functions Antibodies – therapeutics and diagnosis Cytokines - therapeutics Pharmaceutics The relationship between pharmaceutics and immunology 2021 | sarahfazalul  Components of Immune System Immune Organs/tissues Immune Cells Immune Molecules 2021 | sarahfazalul  What is the relationship between lymphatic system and the cardiovascular system? Describe the flow of lymph. LYMPHOID ORGANS Primary Lymphoid Organs (bone marrow, thymus) where immature lymphocytes develop and also where differentiate, proliferation and maturation of stem cells into immunocompetent cells take place. Secondary Lymphoid Organs (spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, appendix, Peyer’s patches) where antigen is localized so that it can be effectively exposed to mature lymphocytes and initiate adaptive immune response. The organs are connected by a network known as lymphatic system that are responsible for draining excess interstitial fluid, transporting dietary lipids and carrying out immune response 2021 | sarahfazalul IMMUNE CELLS What is peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs)? Which cells belong to PBMCs? A B 2021 | sarahfazalul IMMUNE CELLS NEUTROPHIL EOSINOPHIL BASOPHIL Prominent in Initiate inflammatory First responder allergic reactions & response by to microbial parasitic infections releasing histamine infection Common at and eventually mucous membrane promoting Die after inflammation phagocytose pathogens, Release chemical forming majority products which Functionally of pus perforate cell similar to mast membranes cells Street cop Fumigator Quick to respond to the situation, but Specialised to deal with pests / Fireman lacks special training or skills and so parasites (eg helminths) by releasing Involved when a region is dies rapidly chemical products inflamed (‘in flames’) Despite being functionally similar, how do you differentiate mast cell and basophil? 2021 | sarahfazalul IMMUNE CELLS MONOCYTE LYMPHOCYTES (B & T CELLS) Macrophage Dendritic cell Responsible for the production of antibodies which target specific antigens present on pathogens Largest type of leukocyte and share phagocytosis Common in the lymphatic system. duties with neutrophils Slowest to respond (requiring (slower but longer lasting) antigen presentation) B cells become antibody- Macrophages remain in the secreting plasma cells; T cells tissue and phagocytose. DC mediate B cell activity present antigen fragments to lymphocytes Involved in eliminating virus infection via cytotoxic T cells and Riot police Signalman NK cells Slower to respond than standard Identifies the pathogen and sends Special forces soldiers police but better prepared and signals to the appropriate special Takes longest to mobilise but specially trained to survives longer forces (lymphocytes) target specific pathogens Besides duration of action, what is the difference between monocyte and neutrophil? 2021 | sarahfazalul  Prevalence of Leukocytes LYMPHOCYTES IMMUNE CELLS 20-30 % MONOCYTES 1-6 % NEUTROPHILS 60-70 % EOSINOPHILS 1-3 % BASOPHILS less than 1 % 2021 | sarahfazalul  Immune Molecules : ANTIBODY Antibody (Ab) is a Y-shaped protein produced by B cells in response to exposure to antigen 5 isotypes of antibody - IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD and IgE Source: Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd What is the difference between variable and constant region? 2021 | sarahfazalul  Immune Molecules : COMPLEMENT To watch the video, scan the QR code or access this link https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BSypUV6QUNw 2021 | sarahfazalul  Immune Molecules : CYTOKINE Any of a class of immunoregulatory proteins that are secreted by cells especially of the immune system INTERLEUKIN (produced only by leukocytes) LYMPHOKINE (produced by lymphocytes) MONOKINE (produced only by monocytes) INTERFERON (involved in antiviral responses) CHEMOKINE (promote chemotaxis: leukocyte migration) Different classes of cytokine Produced by these cells in response to various stimuli 2021 | sarahfazalul  Immune Molecules : CYTOKINE Function Induction and regulation of the cellular interactions involving cells of the immune, inflammatory and hematopoietic systems 2021 | sarahfazalul  INNATE IMMUNITY ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY 2021 | sarahfazalul  Role of the immune system Implications Immunological recognition that detects Immune responses are barriers to transplantation infection or foreign bodies and gene therapy Deficient immunity results in increased susceptibility to infections exemplified by AIDS Immune defence against infections and Vaccination boosts immune defences tumours and protects against infections Potential for immunotherapy of cancer Uncontrolled immune response causes autoimmune Immune regulation disease The importance of the immune system in health and disease. These are some of the physiologic functions of the immune system.