KIN 486 Practice Exam PDF
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This document contains a practice exam for KIN 486. The exam covers various topics in Kinesiology, including motor units, muscle actions, hormones, and adaptations. The questions are multiple choice and cover fundamental concepts in areas like muscle physiology and exercise physiology.
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1. What defines a motor unit? - a) A single muscle fiber - b) An anterior motor neuron and its specific muscle fibers - c) The total number of muscle fibers in a muscle - d) The force produced by a muscle contraction 2. According to the all-or-none pri...
1. What defines a motor unit? - a) A single muscle fiber - b) An anterior motor neuron and its specific muscle fibers - c) The total number of muscle fibers in a muscle - d) The force produced by a muscle contraction 2. According to the all-or-none principle, what occurs when a stimulus triggers an action potential? - a) Partial muscle fiber activation - b) Random muscle fiber activation - c) Synchronous contraction of all muscle fibers in the motor unit - d) Progressive muscle fiber recruitment 3. In the size principle of motor unit recruitment, which motor units are recruited first? - a) High-threshold motor units - b) Low-threshold motor units - c) Type II motor units - d) Largest motor units 4. During summation, what happens to muscle fibers? - a) They completely relax between stimuli - b) They do not have time to relax, increasing force production - c) They become fatigued and stop contracting - d) They randomly contract and relax 5. Which muscle typically has the most precise motor unit control? - a) Quadriceps - b) Biceps - c) Eye muscles - d) Calf muscles MUSCLE ACTIONS AND TYPES 6. In an isometric muscle action, what remains constant? - a) Muscle length - b) Joint angle - c) Both muscle length and joint angle - d) Muscle force 7. During a concentric contraction, what occurs? - a) Muscle lengthens while producing force - b) Muscle shortens while producing force - c) Muscle maintains constant length - d) Muscle stops producing force 8. In an eccentric muscle action, what happens to sarcomeres? - a) They shorten - b) They maintain constant length - c) Cross-bridges form while sarcomere lengthens - d) Cross-bridges stop forming 9. Which muscle fiber type is most associated with endurance activities? - a) Type IIx - b) Type II - c) Type I - d) Type IIa 10.In isokinetic contractions, what remains constant? - a) Muscle force - b) Muscle length - c) Speed of movement - d) Joint angle PROPRIOCEPTORS 11. What is the primary function of muscle spindles? - a) To prevent muscle injury - b) To provide information about muscle length and tension - c) To regulate blood flow - d) To produce muscle force 12.When are Golgi Tendon Organs (GTOs) stimulated? - a) During muscle relaxation - b) During low-intensity exercise - c) When excessive muscle tension occurs - d) During isometric contractions HORMONES AND SIGNALING 13.Which hormone lowers blood glucose? - a) Glucagon - b) Insulin - c) Cortisol - d) Epinephrine 14.Growth Hormone is released in response to: - a) Decreased exercise intensity - b) Increased exercise intensity - c) Resting conditions - d) Low blood glucose 15.Which pathway does Growth Hormone activate? - a) cAMP pathway - b) AMPK pathway - c) JAK/STAT pathway - d) PI3K pathway 16.Epinephrine causes: - a) Vasoconstriction - b) Bronchodilation - c) Decreased heart contractility - d) Reduced glycogenolysis 17.Leptin is produced by: - a) The hypothalamus - b) Adipose tissue - c) The pancreas - d) The stomach 18.Which hormone is a steroid? - a) Insulin - b) Ghrelin - c) Testosterone - d) Growth Hormone 19.The cAMP pathway is typically activated by: - a) Steroid hormones - b) Peptide hormones binding to extracellular receptors - c) Intracellular receptors - d) Muscle spindles ADAPTATIONS 20.Sarcoplasmic hypertrophy involves: - a) Increasing myofilaments - b) Increasing sarcoplasm and substrate storage - c) Reducing muscle fiber size - d) Decreasing protein synthesis 21.During aerobic training, what happens to stroke volume? - a) Decreases - b) Remains constant - c) Increases - d) Becomes unpredictable 22.Anaerobic training leads to: - a) Decreased Type II fiber cross-sectional area - b) Increased Type I fiber percentage - c) Increased Type IIa and IIx cross-sectional area - d) Reduced anaerobic power 23.The AMPK pathway is activated by: - a) Insulin - b) Increased AMP and calcium during exercise - c) Growth Hormone - d) Cortisol 24.Which adaptation occurs in the neuromuscular junction during training? - a) Decreased surface area - b) Increased surface area - c) No change in surface area - d) Complete reconstruction ENERGY SYSTEMS AND METABOLISM 25.The body chooses an energy system based on: - a) Muscle size - b) Duration of event and ATP demand - c) Athlete's preference - d) Random selection 26.During the stretch-shortening cycle, elastic energy is: - a) Completely lost - b) Stored and then released - c) Converted to heat immediately - d) Transferred to another muscle group 27.Lactate threshold increases with aerobic training because: - a) Muscles become larger - b) The aerobic system becomes more efficient - c) Glycogen stores increase - d) Muscle fiber types change completely CARDIOVASCULAR ADAPTATIONS 28.Resting heart rate in endurance athletes is lower due to: - a) Decreased blood volume - b) Increased stroke volume - c) Reduced mitochondrial density - d) Decreased capillary networks 29.Heart rate increases during exercise to: - a) Reduce oxygen delivery - b) Increase CO2 production - c) Deliver more oxygen to mitochondria - d) Decrease muscle metabolism 30.The Frank-Starling Mechanism relates to: - a) Muscle contraction - b) Hormone release - c) Stroke volume changes - d) Nerve impulse transmission HORMONE INTERACTIONS 31.Ghrelin is produced in the: - a) Pancreas - b) Stomach - c) Liver - d) Hypothalamus 32.CCK is related to: - a) Increasing appetite - b) Decreasing appetite - c) Muscle contraction - d) Bone metabolism 33.Cortisol is a: - a) Peptide hormone - b) Amine hormone - c) Steroid hormone - d) Growth factor SIGNALING PATHWAYS 34.In the JAK/STAT pathway, what forms after phosphorylation? - a) A hormone-receptor complex - b) A STAT dimer - c) A protein kinase - d) An enzyme complex 35.Steroid hormones differ from peptide hormones by: - a) Binding to extracellular receptors - b) Being formed from cholesterol - c) Requiring second-messenger systems - d) Having a short half-life ADVANCED CONCEPTS 36.The central dogma of genetics describes: - a) Muscle growth mechanisms - b) Hormone production - c) Genetic information flow from DNA to RNA to protein - d) Exercise adaptation processes 37.Muscle spindles initiate: - a) Muscle relaxation - b) A stretch reflex - c) Hormone production - d) Glycogen breakdown 38.The PI3K pathway is activated by: - a) Growth Hormone - b) Insulin - c) Cortisol - d) Epinephrine 39.IGF-1 is primarily released by: - a) Muscles - b) Liver - c) Pancreas - d) Hypothalamus 40.The Fick Equation relates to: - a) Muscle contraction - b) Hormone production - c) VO2 max calculation - d) Blood glucose regulation
